PMID: 9528816Apr 7, 1998Paper

Surveillance of outbreaks of waterborne infectious disease: categorizing levels of evidence

Epidemiology and Infection
H E TillettP G Wall

Abstract

Public health surveillance requires the monitoring of waterborne disease, but sensitive and specific detection of relevant incidents is difficult. The Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre receives information from various sources about clusters of cases of illness in England and Wales. The reporter may suspect that water consumption or recreational water exposure is the route of infection, or subsequent investigation may raise the hypothesis that water is associated with illness. It is difficult to prove beyond reasonable doubt that such a hypothesis is correct. Water samples from the time of exposure are seldom available, some organisms are difficult to detect and almost everyone has some exposure to water. Therefore, we have developed a method of categorizing the degree of evidence used to implicate water. The categories take into account the epidemiology, microbiology and water quality information. Thus outbreaks are classified as being associated with water either 'strongly', 'probably' or 'possibly'. This system allows a broad database for monitoring possible effects of water and is not confined to the few outbreaks which have been intensively investigated or have positive environmental microbiology. Thus, for reported...Continue Reading

Citations

May 13, 2006·Epidemiology and Infection·A SmithR M Chalmers
Apr 21, 2007·Epidemiology and Infection·E Neira-MunozN D McCarthy
Oct 24, 2001·International Journal of Environmental Health Research·G F CraunA P Dufour
May 7, 2003·Applied and Environmental Microbiology·Alexandra R KeeganChristopher P Saint
Jul 8, 2005·Applied and Environmental Microbiology·Brendon J KingChristopher P Saint
Mar 18, 2004·Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health·M KuusiJ P Nuorti
May 25, 2002·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Andrew D HowePaul R Hunter
Oct 27, 2009·Environment International·Daniel I JalbaSteve E Hrudey
Nov 3, 2010·Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health·Katie DaleKarin Leder
Mar 17, 2015·Environmental Science & Technology·Eri van HeijnsbergenAna Maria de Roda Husman
Apr 21, 2016·Tidsskrift for den Norske lægeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny række·Bernardo Guzman-HerradorKarin Nygård
Nov 15, 2003·Journal of Biomedical Informatics·Michael M WagnerMichael Allswede
May 17, 2006·Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·A GallayUNKNOWN Outbreak Investigation Team
May 31, 2016·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Grant Ligon, Jamie Bartram
May 27, 2014·International Journal of Food Microbiology·Vaibhav C GoleKapil K Chousalkar
Feb 4, 2012·Environmental Science & Technology·Jonathan Dean, Paul R Hunter
Mar 3, 2017·Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Européen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin·Ari KauppinenRuska Rimhanen-Finne
Oct 4, 2018·PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases·Julii BrainardPaul R Hunter
Aug 11, 2000·Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health·M E HellardM D Kirk
May 1, 2010·Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases·Ruska Rimhanen-FinneMarkku Kuusi
Jun 6, 2014·PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases·Michael B ArndtJudd L Walson
Jun 26, 2015·Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Européen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin·B Guzman-HerradorK Nygård
Nov 14, 2019·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Ari KauppinenIlkka T Miettinen
May 2, 2007·Water Environment Research : a Research Publication of the Water Environment Federation·Steve E Hrudey, Elizabeth J Hrudey
Sep 4, 2021·Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Européen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin·Davide ResiSimone M Cacciò

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.