Abstract
Survival analysis, or more generally, time-to-event analysis, refers to a set of methods for analyzing the length of time until the occurrence of a well-defined end point of interest. A unique feature of survival data is that typically not all patients experience the event (eg, death) by the end of the observation period, so the actual survival times for some patients are unknown. This phenomenon, referred to as censoring, must be accounted for in the analysis to allow for valid inferences. Moreover, survival times are usually skewed, limiting the usefulness of analysis methods that assume a normal data distribution. As part of the ongoing series in Anesthesia & Analgesia, this tutorial reviews statistical methods for the appropriate analysis of time-to-event data, including nonparametric and semiparametric methods-specifically the Kaplan-Meier estimator, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards model. These methods are by far the most commonly used techniques for such data in medical literature. Illustrative examples from studies published in Anesthesia & Analgesia demonstrate how these techniques are used in practice. Full parametric models and models to deal with special circumstances, such as recurrent events models, com...Continue Reading
References
Dec 1, 1995·Journal of Clinical Epidemiology·P PeduzziT R Holford
May 15, 1996·American Journal of Epidemiology·F J Nieto, J Coresh
Jun 3, 1999·Annual Review of Public Health·L D Fisher, D Y Lin
Jul 17, 2003·British Journal of Cancer·T G ClarkD G Altman
Jul 31, 2003·British Journal of Cancer·M J BradburnD G Altman
Aug 14, 2003·British Journal of Cancer·M J BradburnD G Altman
Aug 28, 2003·British Journal of Cancer·T G ClarkD G Altman
May 1, 2004·BMJ : British Medical Journal·J Martin Bland, Douglas G Altman
Oct 8, 2004·Critical Care : the Official Journal of the Critical Care Forum·Viv BewickJonathan Ball
Oct 21, 2004·Journal of the National Cancer Institute·Michael Baum
Mar 23, 2011·American Journal of Epidemiology·Kevin C CainMichael R Elliott
Jan 28, 2012·Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research·James J DignamMasha Kocherginsky
Feb 1, 2012·Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology·Krastan B BlagoevTito Fojo
Apr 3, 2014·Respirology : Official Journal of the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology·Jessica KaszaRory Wolfe
Jul 2, 2014·Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology·Hajime UnoLee-Jen Wei
Dec 17, 2014·International Journal of Epidemiology·Leila D A F Amorim, Jianwen Cai
Mar 19, 2016·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Marita WindpassingerDaniel I Sessler
May 20, 2016·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Attila PodolyakAndrea Kurz
Jan 10, 2017·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Anthony ChauLawrence C Tsen
Jun 18, 2017·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Sylvia H WilsonLatha Hebbar
Sep 1, 2017·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Eun Kyung LeeJoo Hyun Park
Sep 12, 2017·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Minjae Kim, Guohua Li
Dec 1, 2017·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Thomas R Vetter, Edward J Mascha
Jan 9, 2018·International Statistical Review = Revue Internationale De Statistique·Peter C Austin
Jan 18, 2018·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Patrick SchoberLothar A Schwarte
Mar 9, 2018·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Wen-Wen HuangDaqing Ma
May 18, 2018·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Thomas R Vetter, Patrick Schober
Jun 16, 2018·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Patrick Schober, Thomas R Vetter
Citations
Dec 12, 2018·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Thomas R Vetter, Douglas Morrice
May 10, 2020·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Patrick Schober, Thomas R Vetter
Jun 9, 2020·Pharmaceutical Statistics·Mutamba T KayembeGerard J P van Breukelen
Mar 14, 2020·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Erica H Z WangMatthew A Coley
Sep 23, 2020·Prehospital Emergency Care : Official Journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors·Sebastiaan M BossersUNKNOWN BRAIN-PROTECT Collaborators
May 23, 2020·Clinical Transplantation·Alex ReyentovichNader Moazami
Sep 15, 2020·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Patrick Schober, Thomas R Vetter
Aug 28, 2020·Annals of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic Surgery·Keera KangYongkeun Park
Feb 19, 2020·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Patrick Schober, Thomas R Vetter
Sep 15, 2020·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Erica H Z WangMatthew A Coley
Oct 21, 2020·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Patrick Schober, Thomas R Vetter
Dec 8, 2020·JAMA Neurology·Sebastiaan M BossersUNKNOWN BRAIN-PROTECT collaborators
Sep 18, 2020·American Heart Journal·Asim ShaikhRichard A Krasuski
Dec 23, 2020·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Tianyu LiuDunyi Qi
Mar 2, 2021·Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery : Official Organ, Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of India·Salil Vasudeo DeoVarun Sundaram
Apr 14, 2020·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Yujie SongZhiqiang Liu
Mar 17, 2021·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Patrick Schober, Thomas R Vetter
Apr 29, 2021·BMC Medical Research Methodology·Moses M NgariMichel Vaillant
May 30, 2021·Postgraduate Medical Journal·Charles CoughlanCéire E Costelloe
Jun 15, 2021·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Chengmi ZhangXueyin Shi
Aug 17, 2021·The American Journal of Sports Medicine·Michael PerretGregory Hoy
Aug 29, 2021·Pharmaceutics·Orwa AlbitarSiti Maisharah Sheikh Ghadzi
Nov 3, 2021·Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America·Kirati KengklaSurasak Saokaew
Nov 25, 2021·JAMA Network Open·Farrokh HabibzadehRobert C Gallo
Jan 11, 2022·Indian Journal of Gastroenterology : Official Journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology·Sushmita RaiUday C Ghoshal