Synergistic proinflammatory interactions of microbial toxins and structural components characteristic to moisture-damaged buildings

Indoor Air
M KorkalainenM Viluksela

Abstract

Indoor exposure to microbes and their structural and metabolic compounds is notoriously complex. To study proinflammatory interactions between the multiple microbial agents, macrophages derived from human THP-1 monocytic cells were exposed to several concentrations of microbial toxins alone (emodin, enniatin B, physcion, sterigmatocystin, valinomycin) and in combination with microbial structural components (bacterial lipopolysaccharide [LPS] or fungal β-glucan). While the expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β to single toxins alone was modest, low-dose co-exposure with structural components increased the responses of emodin, enniatin B, and valinomycin synergistically, both at the mRNA and protein level, as measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Co-exposure of toxins and β-glucan resulted in consistent synergistically increased expression of several inflammation-related genes, while some of the responses with LPS were also inhibitory. Co-exposure of toxins with either β-glucan or LPS induced also mitochondrial damage and autophagocytosis. The results demonstrate that microbial toxins together with bacterial and fungal structural components characteristic to moisture-damaged buildings can have drastic syne...Continue Reading

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Citations

Mar 24, 2017·Inhalation Toxicology·Jenni TirkkonenKati Huttunen
Apr 20, 2017·Frontiers in Immunology·Tamara Tuuminen, Kyösti Sakari Rinne
Oct 21, 2019·Journal of Microbiological Methods·Judith Meider

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