PMID: 6982648Jan 1, 1982Paper

T cell signals in tolerance

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
H N Claman

Abstract

In contact sensitivity (and other forms of T cell sensitivities), T cell activation and priming of the system requires at least two signals. Signal 1 includes specific antigen and signal 2 is a nonspecific stimulus. Ordinarily, the signals are invoked in an associative manner, but they can be delivered separately. The physiocochemical nature of the antigen and the manner of host processing are critical to the delivery of signal 2. Tolerance in unprimed systems is induced by the presentation of signal 1 (antigen) in forms and by routes that do not activate signal 2. This seems to invoke suppressor mechanisms and to directly inactivate TDH cells. In primed systems where contact sensitivity is present, signals 1 and 2 boost the response. In primed systems, "off signals" (desensitization) may be provided by some anti-id antibodies, which act by stimulating suppressor mechanisms that finally work to down regulate TDH. Antigen alone (signal 1) also appears to be capable of directly down regulating TDH, but so far it has not proved a powerful tool in desensitizing primed T cells.

References

Jan 1, 1977·Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology·H N ClamanJ W Moorhead
Nov 1, 1979·Cellular Immunology·H N Claman
Jan 12, 1971·Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character·R B Taylor, G M Iverson
Jan 1, 1980·Immunological Reviews·H N ClamanJ W Moorhead
Jan 1, 1980·Advances in Immunology·H N ClamanJ W Moorhead
Feb 1, 1980·The Journal of Experimental Medicine·W PtakR K Gershon
Mar 1, 1946·Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine·M W CHASE

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.