Teratogenicity and underlying mechanisms of homocysteine in animal models: a review

Reproductive Toxicology
Nina H van MilRégine Steegers-Theunissen

Abstract

Hyperhomocysteinemia in humans is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome, especially congenital malformations. This review summarizes the studies directed on the teratogenicity of homocysteine carried out in animal studies, and elaborates on the underlying mechanisms. Literature was searched in Pubmed (NCBI) through January 2010 and selected manually. Keywords comprised homocysteine, congenital abnormalities and animals. Increased frequencies of a wide range of congenital malformations are reported especially in the chicken embryo after exposure to homocysteine (Hcy) in various dosages and forms. Reduced embryonic growth and abnormalities of the vascularization of the yolk sac are described in mouse studies. A study in rats revealed a reduced development of blastocysts. The congenital malformations observed in the chicken embryo model share the mutual involvement of Hcy sensitive neural crest cells. Derangements in the behavior of these cells by interactions between Hcy and pathways involved in vascularization, growth, metabolism, signaling, and DNA synthesis and methylation may explain the wide range of effects on embryonic organs, the yolk sac and placental tissues. The associations between human hyperhomocysteinemia and...Continue Reading

Citations

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