The anatomic basis of the internal mammary artery perforator flap: a cadaver study

Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery : JPRAS
Manfred SchmidtManfred Frey

Abstract

The perforating branches of the internal mammary artery have recently been described as recipient vessel for free-tissue transfer breast reconstruction. However, reports on perforator flaps based on these vessels are rare. The aim of this study was to investigate the vascular basis of the internal mammary artery perforator (IMAP) flap and to describe the location and size of the individual flaps. The IMAPs of 10 fresh female cadavers were injected with methylene blue solution. The location and size of the labelled skin area were observed. Finally, the arterial perforators were dissected, and the length, diameter and the distance of the lateral sternal border to the perforation point were recorded. The IMAPs supplied the skin of the ventromedial thorax and breast from the clavicle to the skin of the cranial abdominal wall in a sequential order. The mean size of all injected skin areas was 84+/-54 cm(2) (13 x 7 cm). The biggest detected skin dimensions were 16 x 9 cm on average for IMAP 2 (area 138+/-41 cm(2)). The mean external diameter of the IMAP was 1.3+/-0.5 mm (range: 0.4-2.9 mm). The mean dissectible length was 8.3+/-3.6 cm (range: 3-17 cm). The largest diameter was found for IMAP 2 with a mean of 1.6+/-0.5 mm (range: 0.9-...Continue Reading

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Citations

Apr 2, 2013·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Benny T YuSeng-Feng Jeng
May 1, 2013·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Yi Xin ZhangDavide Lazzeri
Oct 1, 2013·Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery : JPRAS·Manfred SchmidtGeorg M Huemer
Nov 7, 2014·Surgery Research and Practice·R C L Chan, J Y W Chan
May 18, 2010·Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery : JPRAS·Pascal P A SchellekensMoshe Kon
Sep 22, 2015·Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery : JPRAS·A Novo-TorresE Lorda-Barraguer
Jun 27, 2015·Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery : JPRAS·Georgios KoulaxouzidisChristian Witzel
Jul 16, 2013·Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery·Masaki Takeuchi, Hiroyuki Sakurai
Oct 26, 2016·Anatomy Research International·Ehab M ElzawawyAhmed F Al Karmouty
Oct 27, 2017·Archives of Plastic Surgery·Martine A van HuizumMarije J Hoornweg
May 22, 2018·Annals of Plastic Surgery·Anne-Sophie FlorczakNicolas Bertheuil
Nov 20, 2018·Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal : SCJ·Heidi-Mari P MyllykangasLeena T Berg
Dec 18, 2018·Annals of Plastic Surgery·Mustafa AkyurekRobert Quinlan
Feb 19, 2016·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Effrosyni KokkoliSeng-Feng Jeng
Aug 5, 2016·Annals of Plastic Surgery·Kashyap Komarraju TadisinaRaffi Gurunluoglu
May 3, 2019·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open·Mari NishimonKazuo Kishi
Feb 9, 2016·The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery·Amir IbrahimNazareth J Papazian
Mar 19, 2019·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open·Daan GeerardsCoralien L Broekhuysen

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