The CD19/CR2/TAPA-1 complex of B lymphocytes: linking natural to acquired immunity

Annual Review of Immunology
D T Fearon, R H Carter

Abstract

B lymphocytes must respond to low concentrations of antigen despite having low affinity antigen receptors during the primary immune response. CD19, a B cell-restricted membrane protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily that associates with the antigen receptor complex, may help the B cell meet this requirement. Cross-linking CD19 to membrane immunoglobulin (mIg) lowers, by two orders of magnitude, the number of mIg that must be ligated to activate phospholipase C (PLC) or to induce DNA synthesis. CD19 is coupled, via protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), to PLC and phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase (PI3' kinase), and it interacts with the Src-type nonreceptor PTK lyn. It also associates with two other membrane proteins, CR2 (complement receptor type 2, CD21), which permits nonimmunologic ligation of CD19, and TAPA-1, a member of the tetraspan family of membrane proteins. CR2 binds fragments of C3 that are covalently attached to glycoconjugates. This indirectly enables CD19 to be cross-linked to mIg after preimmune recognition of an immunogen by the complement system. CR2 also can be ligated by CD23, a lectin-like membrane protein that resides on cells that may present antigen to B cells. TAPA-1 associates with several other membrane pr...Continue Reading

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