The conserved genetic background for pluteus arm development in brittle stars and sea urchin

Evolution & Development
Yoshiaki MorinoHiroshi Wada

Abstract

Echinoderm pluteus larvae are considered a classical example of convergent evolution that occurred in sea urchins and brittle stars. Several genes are known to be involved in the development of pluteus arms in sea urchins, including fgfA, pax2/5/8, pea3, otp, wnt5, and tet. To determine whether the convergent evolution of larval arms also involves these genes in brittle stars, their expression patterns were determined in brittle star. We found that all genes showed similar expression in the arms of ophiopluteus to that seen in echinopluteus, suggesting that convergent evolution of pluteus arms occurred by recruitment of a similar set of genes. This may be explained by our observation that some of these genes are also expressed in the spine rudiment of direct-type development sea urchins. We propose an evolutionary scenario wherein the pluteus arms of both echinopluteus and ophiopluteus were acquired by independent co-options of the genetic module responsible for the projection of the adult skeleton.

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Citations

Nov 6, 2018·Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists·Shinya AdachiMasaaki Yamaguchi
Sep 29, 2018·Genesis : the Journal of Genetics and Development·Tanvi ShashikantCharles A Ettensohn
May 10, 2019·Communications Biology·Eric M Erkenbrack, Jeffrey R Thompson
May 26, 2017·Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution·Eric M Erkenbrack, Elizabeth Petsios
Jan 12, 2020·Communications Biology·Eric M Erkenbrack, Jeffrey R Thompson
Feb 12, 2017·Developmental Biology·Gregory A Cary, Veronica F Hinman

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