The control outcome calibration approach for causal inference with unobserved confounding

American Journal of Epidemiology
Eric J Tchetgen Tchetgen

Abstract

Unobserved confounding can seldom be ruled out with certainty in nonexperimental studies. Negative controls are sometimes used in epidemiologic practice to detect the presence of unobserved confounding. An outcome is said to be a valid negative control variable to the extent that it is influenced by unobserved confounders of the exposure effects on the outcome in view, although not directly influenced by the exposure. Thus, a negative control outcome found to be empirically associated with the exposure after adjustment for observed confounders indicates that unobserved confounding may be present. In this paper, we go beyond the use of control outcomes to detect possible unobserved confounding and propose to use control outcomes in a simple but formal counterfactual-based approach to correct causal effect estimates for bias due to unobserved confounding. The proposed control outcome calibration approach is developed in the context of a continuous or binary outcome, and the control outcome and the exposure can be discrete or continuous. A sensitivity analysis technique is also developed, which can be used to assess the degree to which a violation of the main identifying assumption of the control outcome calibration approach might...Continue Reading

References

Aug 1, 1989·Statistics in Medicine·O O Aalen
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Citations

Sep 24, 2014·American Journal of Epidemiology·David B RichardsonStephen R Cole
Jan 5, 2016·The International Journal on Drug Policy·Wenbin LiangTanya Chikritzhs
Jan 27, 2016·Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences·R C KesslerA M Zaslavsky
Nov 21, 2014·Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety·Md Jamal UddinOlaf H Klungel
Jul 15, 2015·Epidemiology·David B RichardsonGlinda Cooper
Apr 20, 2016·International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy·Md Jamal UddinOlaf H Klungel
Aug 12, 2014·The International Journal on Drug Policy·Wenbin Liang, Tanya Chikritzhs
Aug 31, 2016·Social Science & Medicine·M Maria Glymour, Kara E Rudolph
Aug 16, 2016·International Journal of Epidemiology·Tyler J VanderWeeleJames M Robins
Jul 28, 2016·International Journal of Epidemiology·Marc LipsitchLone Simonsen
Apr 22, 2017·American Journal of Epidemiology·Wang Miao, Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen
Apr 22, 2017·American Journal of Epidemiology·W Dana FlandersMitchel Klein
Nov 1, 2017·International Journal of Epidemiology·Eleanor SandersonGeorge Davey Smith
Aug 25, 2017·Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics·Jessica M Franklin, Sebastian Schneeweiss
Mar 13, 2016·Statistics in Medicine·Susan Gruber, Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen
Mar 17, 2019·American Journal of Epidemiology·George Davey Smith
Oct 9, 2019·Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention·Montika BushM Alan Brookhart
May 7, 2020·Pharmaceutical Statistics·Kayla W KilpatrickM Elizabeth Halloran
Oct 3, 2020·International Journal of Epidemiology·Michelle Degli EspostiDavid K Humphreys
Jan 29, 2017·International Journal of Epidemiology·Tyler J VanderWeele
Jan 22, 2017·International Journal of Epidemiology·Debbie A LawlorGeorge Davey Smith
Mar 14, 2018·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Martijn J SchuemieMarc A Suchard
Mar 25, 2017·International Journal of Epidemiology·Jessica KaszaTibor Schuster
Sep 22, 2019·Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics·Jessica M FranklinSebastian Schneeweiss
Feb 12, 2021·International Journal of Epidemiology·Eleanor SandersonGeorge Davey Smith
Dec 31, 2020·Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical Methodology·Xu ShiEric J Tchetgen Tchetgen
Feb 28, 2017·Statistical Science : a Review Journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics·Tamar SoferEric J Tchetgen Tchetgen
Apr 8, 2021·Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics·Jessica M FranklinRobert M Califf
Apr 30, 2021·Biometrics·Lan Liu, Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen
May 18, 2021·Current Epidemiology Reports·Xu ShiEric Tchetgen Tchetgen

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