The dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) moderates family environmental effects on ADHD.

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
Michelle M MartelJoel T Nigg

Abstract

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prime candidate for exploration of gene-by-environment interaction (i.e., G x E), particularly in relation to dopamine system genes, due to strong evidence that dopamine systems are dysregulated in the disorder. Using a G x E design, we examined whether the DRD4 promoter 120-bp tandem repeat polymorphism, previously associated with ADHD, moderated the effects of inconsistent parenting and marital conflict on ADHD or Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD). Participants were 548 children with ADHD and non-ADHD comparison children and their parents. Homozygosity for the DRD4 promoter 120-bp tandem repeat insertion allele increased vulnerability for ADHD and ODD only in the presence of inconsistent parenting and appeared to increase susceptibility to the influence of increased child self-blame for marital conflict on ADHD inattention. DRD4 genotypes may interact with these proximal family environmental risk factors by increasing the individual's responsivity to environmental contingencies.

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Citations

Dec 11, 2013·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology·Rudolf Uher
May 15, 2012·Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology·Kenneth D Gadow, Deborah A G Drabick
Mar 31, 2012·Clinical Psychology Review·Charlotte JohnstonJerilyn E Ninowski
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Jan 10, 2013·Clinical Psychology Review·Joel T Nigg
Apr 22, 2014·Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review·David J HawesMark R Dadds
May 16, 2012·Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology·Michelle M MartelJoel T Nigg
Jan 17, 2016·American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics : the Official Publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics·Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo, Bru Cormand
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Jan 21, 2015·Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : the Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53·Alexis L ElmoreMolly A Nikolas
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Oct 28, 2016·Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review·Melissa R Dvorsky, Joshua M Langberg
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Oct 4, 2020·Translational Psychiatry·Søren D ØstergaardEsben Agerbo
Jul 19, 2021·European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry·Djûke M BrinksmaAndrea Dietrich

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