The effects of water temperature on the energetic costs of juvenile and adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): the importance of skeletal muscle thermogenesis for thermal balance

The Journal of Experimental Biology
Heather E M LiwanagI L Boyd

Abstract

As highly mobile marine predators, many pinniped species routinely encounter a wide range of water temperatures during foraging and in association with seasonal, geographical and climatic changes. To determine how such variation in environmental temperature may impact energetic costs in otariids, we determined the thermal neutral zone of adult and juvenile California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) by measuring resting metabolic rate using open-flow respirometry. Five adult female (body mass range =82.2-107.2 kg) and four juvenile (body mass=26.2-36.5 kg) sea lions were examined over experimental water temperatures ranging from 0 to 20 degrees C (adults) or 5 to 20 degrees C (juveniles). The metabolic rate of adult sea lions averaged 6.4+/-0.64 ml O(2) kg(-1) min(-1) when resting within the thermal neutral zone. The lower critical temperature of adults was 6.4+/-2.2 degrees C, approximately 4 degrees C lower than sea surface temperatures routinely encountered off coastal California. In comparison, juvenile sea lions did not demonstrate thermal neutrality within the range of water temperatures examined. Resting metabolic rate of the younger animals, 6.3+/-0.53 ml O(2) kg(-1) min(-1), increased as water temperature approached ...Continue Reading

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Aug 12, 2010·Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology·Beth L YoungAndrew W Trites
Jun 28, 2011·Integrative and Comparative Biology·Murray M Humphries, Vincent Careau
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Aug 31, 2017·Conservation Physiology·Monique A LaddsRobert G Harcourt
Jul 27, 2021·Oecologia·Kayleigh A JonesIain J Staniland

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