The "Extreme Exercise Hypothesis": Recent Findings and Cardiovascular Health Implications

Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine
Thijs M H EijsvogelsB A Franklin

Abstract

The "Extreme Exercise Hypothesis" is characterized by a U-shaped or reverse J-shaped, dose-response curve between physical activity volumes and cardiovascular health outcomes. In this review, we summarize recent findings that may support or refute the "Extreme Exercise Hypothesis." Furthermore, we discuss potential cardiovascular health implications of the cardiac anatomical, structural, contractility, and biomarker abnormalities that have been reported in some veteran endurance athletes. Emerging evidence from epidemiological studies and observations in cohorts of endurance athletes suggest that potentially adverse cardiovascular manifestations may occur following high-volume and/or high-intensity long-term exercise training, which may attenuate the health benefits of a physically active lifestyle. Accelerated coronary artery calcification, exercise-induced cardiac biomarker release, myocardial fibrosis, atrial fibrillation, and even higher risk of sudden cardiac death have been reported in athletes. There is primarily circumstantial evidence that supports the "Extreme Exercise Hypothesis." Subclinical and atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as structural cardiovascular abnormalities and arrhythmias are prese...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jan 15, 2019·Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care·Bente Klarlund Pedersen
Feb 27, 2020·Circulation·Barry A FranklinUNKNOWN American Heart Association Physical Activity Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Ca
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Jul 1, 2021·British Journal of Sports Medicine·Bo-Huei HuangEmmanuel Stamatakis
Nov 2, 2021·European Journal of Sport Science·Constantinos BakogiannisEmmanuel Androulakis

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
imaging techniques
biopsy

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