The formation and positioning of cilia in Ciona intestinalis embryos in relation to the generation and evolution of chordate left-right asymmetry

Developmental Biology
Helen ThompsonSebastian M Shimeld

Abstract

In the early mouse embryo monocilia on the ventral node rotate to generate a leftward flow of fluid. This nodal flow is essential for the left-sided expression of nodal and pitx2, and for subsequent asymmetric organ patterning. Equivalent left fluid flow has been identified in other vertebrates, including Xenopus and zebrafish, indicating it is an ancient vertebrate mechanism. Asymmetric nodal and Pitx expression have also been identified in several invertebrates, including the vertebrates' nearest relatives, the urochordates. However whether cilia regulate this asymmetric gene expression remains unknown, and previous studies in urochordates have not identified any cilia prior to the larval stage, when asymmetry is already long established. Here we use Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy and immunofluorescence to investigate cilia in the urochordate Ciona intestinalis. We show that single cilia are transiently present on each ectoderm cell of the late neurula/early tailbud stage embryo, a time point just before onset of asymmetric nodal expression. Mapping the position of each cilium on these cells shows they are posteriorly positioned, something also described for mouse node cilia. The C. intestinalis cilia have a 9+...Continue Reading

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Citations

Oct 5, 2013·Trends in Genetics : TIG·Satoko Yoshiba, Hiroshi Hamada
Feb 11, 2014·Genesis : the Journal of Genetics and Development·Erica K O NamigaiSebastian M Shimeld
Feb 8, 2014·Communicative & Integrative Biology·Laura N VandenbergMichael Levin
Nov 7, 2013·Development·Rebecca D Burdine, Tamara Caspary
Apr 10, 2014·Development·Martin BlumAxel Schweickert

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