The grazing gait, and implications of toppling table geometry for primate footfall sequences

Biology Letters
James R Usherwood, Benjamin J H Smith

Abstract

Many medium and large herbivores locomote forwards very slowly and intermittently when grazing. While the footfall order during grazing is the same as for walking, the relative fore-hind timing-phasing-is quite different. Extended periods of static stability are clearly required during grazing; however, stability requirements are insufficient to account for the timing. Aspects of relatively rapid rolling and pitching-toppling due to the resistance of the back to bending and twisting-can be included in a simplifying geometric model to explain the observation that, in grazing livestock, a step forward with a forefoot is consistently and immediately followed by a step forward from the hind; but not vice versa. The same principles and geometry, but applied to the footfall pattern of walking primates, show that toppling would occur at a different point in the gait cycle. This provides a potential account for the distinctive diagonal-sequence footfall pattern of primates, as it prevents the instant of toppling from being at forefoot placement. Careful and controlled hand positioning would thus be facilitated, presumably beneficial to walking on top of branches, despite a slight energetic cost compared with the usual lateral sequence ...Continue Reading

References

Nov 5, 1965·Science·M Hildebrand
Jul 13, 2002·American Journal of Physical Anthropology·Daniel Schmitt, Pierre Lemelin
Aug 4, 2004·Journal of Human Evolution·Daniel Schmitt, Pierre Lemelin
Sep 15, 2017·ELife·James R Usherwood, Zoe T Self Davies

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Citations

Oct 19, 2019·American Journal of Physical Anthropology·Noah T DunhamJesse W Young
Dec 24, 2019·Bioinspiration & Biomimetics·Benjamin J H Smith, James R Usherwood
Jul 31, 2021·Primates; Journal of Primatology·Yasuo Higurashi, Hiroo Kumakura
Aug 18, 2021·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Alexa N WimberlyMichael C Granatosky

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