The History of Medical Education in Europe and the United States, With Respect to Time and Proficiency

Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges
Eugène J F M Custers, Olle Ten Cate

Abstract

In this article, the authors present a historic overview of the development of medical education in the United States and Europe (in particular the Netherlands), as it relates to the issues of time (duration of the course) and proficiency (performance requirements and examinations). This overview is necessarily limited and based largely on post hoc interpretation, as historic data on time frames are not well documented and the issue of competence has only recently been addressed.During times when there were few, if any, formal regulations, physicians were primarily "learned gentlemen" in command of few effective practical skills, and the duration of education and the competencies acquired by the end of a course simply did not appear to be issues of any interest to universities or state authorities. Though uniform criteria gradually developed for undergraduate medical education, postgraduate specialty training remained, before accreditation organizations set regulations, at the discretion of individual institutions and medical societies. This resulted in large variability in training time and acquired competencies between residency programs, which were often judged on the basis of opaque or questionable criteria. Considering the...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 28, 2018·Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges·Catherine R LuceyOlle Ten Cate
Feb 28, 2018·Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges·Olle Ten CatePim W Teunissen
Feb 5, 2019·Advances in Health Sciences Education : Theory and Practice·Antoon Cox, Shuangyu Li
Aug 20, 2019·Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges·Jed T Wolpaw
Feb 7, 2020·Perspectives on Medical Education·Mario VeenAnne de la Croix
Aug 29, 2019·Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges·Olle Ten Cate, Carol Carraccio
Dec 29, 2020·Teaching and Learning in Medicine·Kimberly A GiffordJohn D Mahan
Jan 13, 2021·The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery·Elizabeth H Stephens, Joseph A Dearani
Mar 11, 2021·Postgraduate Medical Journal·Marc Adam SeifmanDebra Nestel
Mar 19, 2021·Journal of Hospital Medicine : an Official Publication of the Society of Hospital Medicine·Benjamin KinnearKaren Jerardi
Jul 7, 2021·Journal of the American Heart Association·Ahmad MasriHani Jneid
Oct 22, 2021·Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology·Lily C PienJudith C French

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