The immunological Warburg effect: Can a metabolic-tumor-stroma score (MeTS) guide cancer immunotherapy?

Immunological Reviews
Peter J SiskaMarina Kreutz

Abstract

The "glycolytic switch" also known as the "Warburg effect" is a key feature of tumor cells and leads to the accumulation of lactate and protons in the tumor environment. Intriguingly, non-malignant lymphocytes or stromal cells such as tumor-associated macrophages and cancer-associated fibroblasts contribute to the lactate accumulation in the tumor environment, a phenomenon described as the "Reverse Warburg effect." Localized lactic acidosis has a strong immunosuppressive effect and mediates an immune escape of tumors. However, some tumors do not display the Warburg phenotype and either rely on respiration or appear as a mosaic of cells with different metabolic properties. Based on these findings and on the knowledge that T cell infiltration is predictive for patient outcome, we suggest a metabolic-tumor-stroma score to determine the likelihood of a successful anti-tumor immune response: (a) a respiring tumor with high T cell infiltration ("hot"); (b) a reverse Warburg type with respiring tumor cells but glycolytic stromal cells; (c) a mixed type with glycolytic and respiring compartments; and (d) a glycolytic (Warburg) tumor with low T cell infiltration ("cold"). Here, we provide evidence that these types can be independent of ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Apr 23, 2020·Immunological Reviews·Liza MakowskiJeffrey C Rathmell
Dec 2, 2020·Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research : CR·Lidong CaoRanji Cui
Jan 8, 2021·Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research : CR·Mandy RauschnerAnne Riemann
Jun 11, 2021·Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy·Fanglong WuHongmei Zhou
Jun 8, 2021·Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology·Yanghong NiXuelei Ma
Jun 29, 2021·Frontiers in Immunology·An-Na ChenJin Yang

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