The impact and mechanism of quaternary ammonium compounds on the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
Yue HanHong Chen

Abstract

The emergence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in microbes can be largely attributed to the abuse and misuse of antibiotics and biocides. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have been used worldwide as common disinfectants and detergents; however, their potential impact on the spread and diffusion of ARGs is still unknown. In this study, we detected the QAC resistance gene (qacEΔ1), the 1 integron gene (intI1), and 12 ARGs (sul1, sul2, cfr, cml, fexA, tetA, tetG, tetQ, tetX, ermB, blaTEM, and dfrA1) in 48 water samples from three watersheds by quantitative PCR (qPCR). We investigated the evolution of bacterial antibiotic resistance under QAC and antibiotic environmental pressures by long-term continuous culture. In addition, five QACs were selected to investigate the effect of QAC on the efficiency of conjugation transfer. The changes in bacterial cell membrane and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry, revealing the mechanism by which QAC affects the spread of antibiotic resistance. Our results showed that the QAC resistance gene was ubiquitous in watersheds and it had significant correlation with intI1 and seven ARGs (r = 0.999, p < 0.01). QACs could increase the resistance of bacte...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jun 14, 2020·Pathogens·Dobrawa KwaśniewskaDaria Wieczorek
Dec 20, 2020·Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces·Tahereh Seifi, Ali Reza Kamali
Aug 28, 2021·Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI·Juin Jia SimMuhammad Waseem Aslam
Oct 27, 2021·Critical Reviews in Microbiology·Wolfgang BäumlerWulf Schneider-Brachert

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Antimicrobial Resistance (ASM)

Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to the continued successful use of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Antimicrobial Resistance

Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to the continued successful use of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infections.