The impact of generalized anxiety disorder and stressful life events on risk for major depressive episodes

Psychological Medicine
J M HettemaK S Kendler

Abstract

Both generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and stressful life events (SLEs) are established risk factors for major depressive disorder, but no studies exist that examine the interrelationship of their impact on depressive onsets. In this study, we sought to analyze the joint effects of prior history of GAD and recent SLEs on risk for major depressive episodes, comparing these in men and women. In a population-based sample of 8068 adult twins, Cox proportional hazard models were used to predict onsets of major depression from reported prior GAD and last-year SLEs rated on long-term contextual threat. For all levels of threat, prior GAD increases risk for depression, with a monotonic relationship between threat level and risk. While females without prior GAD consistently show higher depressive risk than males, this is no longer the case in subjects with prior GAD who have experienced SLEs. Rather, males appear to be more vulnerable to the depressogenic effects of both prior GAD and SLEs. The effects of prior GAD and SLEs jointly increase the risk of depression in both sexes, but disproportionately so in males.

Citations

Apr 17, 2013·Pflügers Archiv : European journal of physiology·Nina C Donner, Christopher A Lowry
May 30, 2012·Psychological Medicine·S E GilmanJ Breslau
Jun 19, 2007·Genetics in Medicine : Official Journal of the American College of Medical Genetics·Stephan ZüchnerJean C Beckham
Mar 31, 2009·Annual Review of Clinical Psychology·Amy FiskeMargaret Gatz
Jan 7, 2014·Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health·JianLi WangArden Birney
Jun 16, 2014·Journal of the Neurological Sciences·Alberto VerrottiMario Fulcheri
Nov 28, 2013·Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved·Kisha B HoldenAllyson S Belton
May 12, 2009·Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews·Jonathan Savitz, Wayne C Drevets
Mar 25, 2008·European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology·Dan J SteinFrancine Mandel
Sep 12, 2014·Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica·C M AguochaG M Onyeama
Dec 21, 2013·Seizure : the Journal of the British Epilepsy Association·Katherine T HamiltonJohn R Pollard
Sep 23, 2014·Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology·Sherry Bellamy, Cindy Hardy
Aug 9, 2016·International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology·Manuel KuhnTina B Lonsdorf
Aug 13, 2008·Journal of Affective Disorders·Cecilia MattissonPer Nettelbladt
Nov 2, 2013·Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology·Asha KubbaTanvi Pal
Aug 27, 2017·Health and Quality of Life Outcomes·Marine MardiyanLusine Danielyan
Dec 6, 2007·Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics·Jeanne Leventhal AlexanderGregg Richardson

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.