The Key Characteristics of Carcinogens: Relationship to the Hallmarks of Cancer, Relevant Biomarkers, and Assays to Measure Them.

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology
Martyn T SmithMark Fielden

Abstract

The key characteristics (KC) of human carcinogens provide a uniform approach to evaluating mechanistic evidence in cancer hazard identification. Refinements to the approach were requested by organizations and individuals applying the KCs. We assembled an expert committee with knowledge of carcinogenesis and experience in applying the KCs in cancer hazard identification. We leveraged this expertise and examined the literature to more clearly describe each KC, identify current and emerging assays and in vivo biomarkers that can be used to measure them, and make recommendations for future assay development. We found that the KCs are clearly distinct from the Hallmarks of Cancer, that interrelationships among the KCs can be leveraged to strengthen the KC approach (and an understanding of environmental carcinogenesis), and that the KC approach is applicable to the systematic evaluation of a broad range of potential cancer hazards in vivo and in vitro We identified gaps in coverage of the KCs by current assays. Future efforts should expand the breadth, specificity, and sensitivity of validated assays and biomarkers that can measure the 10 KCs. Refinement of the KC approach will enhance and accelerate carcinogen identification, a firs...Continue Reading

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Citations

Sep 18, 2020·Occupational and Environmental Medicine·Helen GuoLuoping Zhang
Aug 18, 2020·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Anna FishbeinDipak Panigrahy
Oct 3, 2020·Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology·Margaret KripkeTimothy R Rebbeck
Sep 7, 2020·Pharmacology & Therapeutics·Anna FishbeinDipak Panigrahy
Jan 7, 2021·Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology·Grace A ChappellChad M Thompson
Aug 25, 2020·Reviews on Environmental Health·William H GoodsonDavid O Carpenter
Mar 31, 2021·Environmental Health Perspectives·Cynthia V RiderMartyn T Smith
Apr 13, 2021·Analytical Chemistry·Scott J WalmsleyRobert J Turesky
May 12, 2021·Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism·Laura N Vandenberg
Sep 25, 2021·Environmental Health Perspectives·Lars LindMartyn T Smith

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