The local lymph node assay and skin sensitization: a cut-down screen to reduce animal requirements?

Contact Dermatitis
I KimberDavid A Basketter

Abstract

The local lymph node assay (LLNA), an alternative approach to skin-sensitizing testing, has made a significant contribution to animal welfare by permitting a reduction and refinement of animal use. Although there is clearly an aspiration to eliminate the use of animals in such tests, it is appropriate also to consider other opportunities for refinement and reduction of animal use. We have therefore explored the use of a modified version of the LLNA for screening purposes when there is a need to evaluate the sensitizing activity of a large number of chemicals, as will be the case under the auspices of registration, evaluation and authorization of chemicals (REACH). Using an existing LLNA database of 211 chemicals, we have examined whether a cut-down assay comprising a single high-dose group and a concurrent vehicle control would provide a realistic approach for screening chemicals for sensitizing potential. The analyses reported here suggest this is the case. We speculate that the animal welfare benefits may be enhanced further by reducing the number of animals per experimental group. However, a detailed evaluation will be necessary to provide reassurance that a reduction in group size would provide adequate sensitivity across a...Continue Reading

References

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Feb 21, 1981·British Medical Journal·A Cockshott
Sep 22, 1994·Toxicology·I KimberD A Basketter
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Feb 13, 2003·Contact Dermatitis·Ian KimberG F Gerberick
Feb 1, 1965·Archives of Dermatology·E V BUEHLER
Jul 16, 2004·Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology·G Frank GerberickJean-Pierre Lepoittevin
Jul 15, 2005·Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology·Cindy A RyanIan Kimber
Mar 16, 2006·Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug·G Frank GerberickDavid A Basketter

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Citations

Jul 13, 2011·Journal of Allergy·Stacey E AndersonB J Meade
May 3, 2011·Archives of Toxicology·Sarah AdlerJosé-Manuel Zaldivar
Mar 13, 2009·Archives of Pharmacal Research·Myungsil HwangTae Moo Yoo
Dec 7, 2007·Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology·David Basketter, Gavin Maxwell
Aug 4, 2009·Toxicology·Ian KimberRebecca J Dearman
May 10, 2008·Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology·Jef HooyberghsRosette Van Den Heuvel
Feb 2, 2008·Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP·Henk van LoverenCarolyn Vickers
Sep 20, 2007·Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT·Cindy A RyanG Frank Gerberick
May 28, 2008·The British Journal of Dermatology·D A Basketter
Jan 25, 2012·Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT·R J DearmanI Kimber
Jan 28, 2015·Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP·David W Roberts
Mar 6, 2013·Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP·Janine EzendamHenk van Loveren
May 1, 2016·Archives of Toxicology·Sofia GuedesPedro Domingues
Mar 23, 2017·The Journal of Toxicological Sciences·Hongwei ZhangXiaoyan Yang
Nov 26, 2010·Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology·Ian KimberRebecca J Dearman
Nov 26, 2008·Alternatives to Laboratory Animals : ATLA·Erwin RoggenSilvia Casati
Jan 12, 2008·Alternatives to Laboratory Animals : ATLA·Christina GrindonJohn F Garrod
Dec 17, 2008·Alternatives to Laboratory Animals : ATLA·Christina GrindonJohn F Garrod
Mar 19, 2009·Alternatives to Laboratory Animals : ATLA·Michael F W Festing
Aug 21, 2019·Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP·Renato Ivan de ÁvilaMarize Campos Valadares

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