The Measurement of Ammonia in Human Breath and its Potential in Clinical Diagnostics

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry
N T BrannellyAnthony J Killard

Abstract

Ammonia is an important component of metabolism and is involved in many physiological processes. During normal physiology, levels of blood ammonia are between 11 and 50 µM. Elevated blood ammonia levels are associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as liver and kidney dysfunction, Reye's syndrome and a variety of inborn errors of metabolism including urea cycle disorders (UCD), organic acidaemias and hyperinsulinism/hyperammonaemia syndrome in which ammonia may reach levels in excess of 1 mM. It is highly neurotoxic and so effective measurement is critical for assessing and monitoring disease severity and treatment. Ammonia is also a potential biomarker in exercise physiology and studies of drug metabolism. Current ammonia testing is based on blood sampling, which is inconvenient and can be subject to significant analytical errors due to the quality of the sample draw, its handling and preparation for analysis. Blood ammonia is in gaseous equilibrium with the lungs. Recent research has demonstrated the potential use of breath ammonia as a non-invasive means of measuring systemic ammonia. This requires measurement of ammonia in real breath samples with associated temperature, humidity and gas characteristics at c...Continue Reading

References

Jun 1, 1978·Gut·A M Dawson
Mar 1, 1979·The Journal of Clinical Investigation·A H LockwoodF Plum
Mar 1, 1979·Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology·T V LarsonR Frank
Apr 1, 1992·Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology·D A MacLeanT E Graham
Jan 1, 1991·Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement·H L MobleyP A Foxal
May 1, 1990·International Journal of Sports Medicine·J M Lowenstein
May 1, 1989·Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry·P J ShawD Bates
Jan 1, 1983·Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Comparative Physiology·S Hewitt, T E Nicholas
Jan 1, 1982·Annals of Neurology·G R DeLong, T H Glick
Mar 30, 1980·Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology·C S Barrow, W H Steinhagen
Jul 1, 1996·Artificial Organs·J CordobaS Mujais
Aug 1, 1996·Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery·J V CampelloneF J Kroboth
Jun 1, 1997·Metabolic Brain Disease·H WakabayashiA Watanabe
Apr 1, 1997·Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry·W DeraveJ L Pannier
Mar 20, 1998·International Journal of Sports Medicine·J RoeykensK De Meirleir
Apr 11, 2001·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·L R NarasimhanC K Patel
Sep 25, 2001·The American Journal of Gastroenterology·M Romero-GómezJ Aguilar-Reina
Jan 10, 2002·American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine·John F HuntBenjamin Gaston
Jun 19, 2002·Seminars in Neonatology : SN·J V Leonard, A A M Morris
Sep 5, 2002·Progress in Neurobiology·Vicente Felipo, Roger F Butterworth
Oct 18, 2002·Lancet·Bernard De JongheHervé Outin
Nov 28, 2002·Digestive Diseases and Sciences·David J KearneyDavid Putnam
Nov 28, 2002·Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics·A ArmuzziA Gasbarrini
Dec 5, 2002·Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics·Akiko AmanoToshihiko Koga
Jan 31, 2003·Gastroenterology·Karin WeissenbornMartin Caselitz
Mar 15, 2003·The American Journal of Medicine·Janus P OngKevin D Mullen
Jun 6, 2003·European Journal of Paediatric Neurology : EJPN : Official Journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society·Neil Gordon
Jan 30, 1959·Science·E D ROBINJ M TYLER
Oct 31, 2003·European Journal of Applied Physiology·Takahide KatoNobuo Matsui
May 22, 2004·Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN·Giacomo GaribottoPaolo Tessari
Sep 29, 2004·JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition·Ana M PitaYasuo Wakabayashi
Dec 2, 2004·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Pierre RipocheJean-Pierre Cartron
Apr 28, 2005·Chemotherapy·Z D Jiang, H L DuPont
Sep 28, 2005·Digestive Diseases and Sciences·Suja DuBoisDavid J Kearney
Sep 30, 2005·European Journal of Applied Physiology·Takahide KatoNobuo Matsui
Oct 6, 2005·Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery·Ufuk UtkuYahya Celik
Dec 24, 2005·Acta Paediatrica·James V Leonard, Andrew A M Morris
Mar 4, 2006·Clinical Chemistry·Wenqing Cao, Yixiang Duan

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Mar 21, 2017·PloS One·Virginia Gutiérrez-de-JuanMaría-Luz Martínez-Chantar
Oct 4, 2017·Journal of Breath Research·Patrik Španěl, David Smith
Sep 25, 2020·Journal of Breath Research·Gourab D Banik, Boris Mizaikoff
Aug 25, 2019·Sensors·Danila GermaneseMaurizia Brunetto
Jan 27, 2021·Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry·Leonardo PolitiLuigi Perbellini
Apr 1, 2021·Scientific Reports·Peter P Ricci, Otto J Gregory
Aug 6, 2019·ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces·Rachel E OwyeungSameer R Sonkusale

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Methods Mentioned

BETA
quartz crystal microbalance
biopsy
gene replacement therapy
biopsies
deamination

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.