PMID: 8463532Apr 1, 1993Paper

The menopause: health implications and clinical management

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
G A Greendale, H L Judd

Abstract

To review the anatomy, physiology, clinical symptoms, long-term health effects, and treatment of the menopause and climacteric syndrome, with a special emphasis on features, such as incontinence, particularly relevant to geriatric medicine. English-language publications on menopause and the climacteric. Articles and books containing recent information pertinent to the topics covered. Studies in human subjects were given priority, but primate studies that amplify physiologic concepts are included. Due to increased longevity, the average US woman will spend one-third of her life as a postmenopausal individual. Anatomic and physiologic changes associated with the peri- and postmenopausal state include hot flushes, genitourinary atrophy, and bone loss. Possible correlates of the menopausal transition and postmenopause include affective changes and unfavorable alterations in lipoproteins and other cardiac risk factors. Clinical correlates of these changes can include incontinence, sexual dysfunction, increased risk of fracture, dysphoric mood, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Formal indications for estrogen therapy are hot flushes, genital atrophy, and osteoporosis prevention; other common clinical uses are reviewed. No...Continue Reading

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