The molecular basis of HIV entry.

Cellular Microbiology
Per Johan Klasse

Abstract

Infection by HIV starts when the virus attaches to a susceptible cell. For viral replication to continue, the viral envelope must fuse with a cellular membrane, thereby delivering the viral core to the cytoplasm, where the RNA genome is reverse-transcribed. The key players in this entry by fusion are the envelope glycoprotein, on the viral side, and CD4 and a co-receptor, CCR5 or CXCR4, on the cellular side. Here, the interplay of these molecules is reviewed from cell-biological, structural, mechanistic, and modelling-based perspectives. Hypotheses are evaluated regarding the cellular compartment for entry, the transfer of virus through direct cell-to-cell contact, the sequence of molecular events, and the number of molecules involved on each side of the virus-cell divide. An emerging theme is the heterogeneity among the entry mediators on both sides, a diversity that affects the efficacy of entry inhibitors, be they small-molecule ligands, peptides or neutralizing antibodies. These insights inform rational strategies for therapy as well as vaccination.

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Citations

Apr 2, 2013·Antiviral Research·Aiman A Haqqani, John C Tilton
Aug 21, 2013·Viruses·Valerie Le Sage, Andrew J Mouland
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