The multiform motor cortical output: Kinematic, predictive and response coding

Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
Luisa SartoriUmberto Castiello

Abstract

Observing actions performed by others entails a subliminal activation of primary motor cortex reflecting the components encoded in the observed action. One of the most debated issues concerns the role of this output: Is it a mere replica of the incoming flow of information (kinematic coding), is it oriented to anticipate the forthcoming events (predictive coding) or is it aimed at responding in a suitable fashion to the actions of others (response coding)? The aim of the present study was to disentangle the relative contribution of these three levels and unify them into an integrated view of cortical motor coding. We combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electromyography recordings at different timings to probe the excitability of corticospinal projections to upper and lower limb muscles of participants observing a soccer player performing: (i) a penalty kick straight in their direction and then coming to a full stop, (ii) a penalty kick straight in their direction and then continuing to run, (iii) a penalty kick to the side and then continuing to run. The results show a modulation of the observer's corticospinal excitability in different effectors at different times reflecting a multiplicity of motor coding. The...Continue Reading

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Citations

Sep 12, 2015·The European Journal of Neuroscience·Sonia BettiLuisa Sartori
Aug 8, 2015·Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior·Raffaella I Rumiati, Glyn W Humphreys
Jun 24, 2015·Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience·Luisa SartoriUmberto Castiello
Jan 31, 2018·Scientific Reports·Pasquale CardellicchioAlessandro D'Ausilio
Feb 28, 2019·Journal of Neurophysiology·Andreea Loredana CretuNicole Wenderoth
May 17, 2017·PloS One·Guglielmo PuglisiPaola Borroni
Jul 24, 2021·Cerebral Cortex·Sonia BettiCosimo Urgesi

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