The NEET and Hikikomori spectrum: Assessing the risks and consequences of becoming culturally marginalized

Frontiers in Psychology
Yukiko Uchida, Vinai Norasakkunkit

Abstract

An increasing number of young people are becoming socially and economically marginalized in Japan under economic stagnation and pressures to be more globally competitive in a post-industrial economy. The phenomena of NEET/Hikikomori (occupational/social withdrawal) have attracted global attention in recent years. Though the behavioral symptoms of NEET and Hikikomori can be differentiated, some commonalities in psychological features can be found. Specifically, we believe that both NEET and Hikikomori show psychological tendencies that deviate from those governed by mainstream cultural attitudes, values, and behaviors, with the difference between NEET and Hikikomori being largely a matter of degree. In this study, we developed a NEET-Hikikomori Risk Factors (NHR) scale that treats NEET/Hikikomori not as a set of distinct diagnoses, but as a spectrum of psychological tendencies associated with the risk of being marginalized in society. Based on this idea, we identified three related risk factors in our NHR spectrum scale: (1) Freeter lifestyle preference, which in Japan refers to the tendency to consciously choose to not work despite job availabilities, (2) a lack of self-competence, and (3) having unclear ambitions for the futur...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jun 22, 2018·Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences·Alan R TeoTakahiro A Kato
Oct 28, 2019·The International Journal of Social Psychiatry·Alison Fang-Wei WuJennifer Yf Lau
Jun 19, 2018·Frontiers in Psychology·Charles LassiterTuukka Toivonen
May 31, 2019·Journal of Medical Internet Research·Victor Pereira-SanchezAlan Teo
Mar 14, 2019·Frontiers in Psychology·I-Ting Huai-Ching LiuVinai Norasakkunkit
Nov 27, 2020·The International Journal of Social Psychiatry·Yura LoscalzoMarco Giannini
Mar 9, 2021·Zeitschrift für Gesundheitswissenschaften = Journal of public health·Simone Amendola

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