The relationship of acoustic emission and pulse-repetition frequency in the detection of gas body stability and cell death

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
Stanley SamuelJ Brian Fowlkes

Abstract

The effect of pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) and number of exposures on membrane damage and subsequent death of contrast agent-attached phagocytic cells was examined. Phagocytic cells of a mouse macrophage cell line were grown as monolayers on thin Mylar sheets. Optison microbubbles were attached to these cells by incubation. Focused ultrasound exposures (Pr = 2 MPa) were implemented at a frequency of 2.25 MHz with 46 cycle pulses and clinically relevant PRFs of 1 kHz, 100 Hz, 10 Hz, 1 Hz and 0.1 Hz in a degassed water bath. A 1-MHz receive transducer measured the scattered signal. The frequency spectrum was normalized to a control spectrum from linear scatterers. Photomicrographs of the cell monolayer were made before and after exposure, and a dye exclusion test (Trypan blue) was used to find the percentage of blue-stained cells indicating cell death, which was then related to acoustic emission. For 10 acoustic pulses and a high prerinse gas body concentration, there was less cell death and correspondingly lower change in the acoustic emissions at a PRF of 1 kHz than with PRFs of 100 Hz, 10 Hz, 1 Hz and 0.1 Hz (p < 0.001). The reduced effect at high PRF may be indicative of some evolution of the shelled microbubble that requ...Continue Reading

References

Nov 1, 1990·The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America·C K Holland, R E Apfel
Nov 1, 1983·Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology·K I MortonC R Hill
Apr 15, 1994·The Biochemical Journal·P WaldayE Holtz
Jan 1, 1997·Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology·E C EverbachR S Meltzer
Sep 15, 1999·Ultrasonic Imaging·W T ShiB B Goldberg
Oct 29, 2000·Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology·M WardJ F Chiu
Dec 25, 2002·Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology·James H WibleGary H Brandenburger

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Citations

Jun 30, 2009·Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology·Stanley SamuelDouglas L Miller
May 5, 2009·IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control·Stanley SamuelDouglas L Miller
Oct 30, 2016·Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology·Nathan McDannoldNatalia Vykhodtseva
Nov 15, 2017·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Tao SunNathan J McDannold

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