Abstract
HIV infection affects 36.9 million people globally, and vitamin D deficiency is a global public health concern for HIV patients. Approximately 70 %-80 % of HIV-infected patients have vitamin D deficiency. The deficiency is associated with many pathologies such as immune disorders, infectious diseases, chronic inflammation, oral diseases, as well as the fast progression of HIV. The causes of vitamin D deficiency in HIV infections include HIV itself, traditional factors such as less sun exposure, mal-absorption, hypercholesterolemia, seasonal variation, poor nutrition as well as some HAART drugs like efavirenz. Vitamin D has an immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative function. In the oral cavity, it plays a significant role in preventing oral infections such as periodontal and gum diseases, dental caries, and oral candidiasis. The consequences of vitamin D deficiency are bone resorption, increased productions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, T-lymphocytes, increased T-helper-1 functions, and decreased T-helper-2 functions. Consequently, this leads to increased infections, chronic inflammation, and the occurrence of oral diseases such as oral candidiasis, periodontal and gum diseases, and dental caries. The major...Continue Reading
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