The risk of infectious pathogens in breast-feeding, donated human milk and breast milk substitutes.

Public Health Nutrition
Katherine BlackshawRichard B Banati

Abstract

This review collates the published reports that focus on microbial and viral illnesses that can be transmitted by breast milk, donor milk and powdered infant formula (PIF). In this context, we attempt to define a risk framework encompassing those hazards, exposure scenarios, vulnerability and protective factors. A literature search was performed for reported cases of morbidity and mortality associated with different infant feeding modes. Exclusive breast-feeding is the recommended for infant feeding under 6 months, or failing that, provision of donated human milk. However, the use of PIF remains high despite its intrinsic and extrinsic risk of microbial contamination, as well as the potential for adverse physiological effects, including infant gut dysbiosis. Viable pathogen transmission via breast-feeding or donor milk (pasteurised and unpasteurised) is rare. However, transmission of HIV and human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 is a concern for breast-feeding mothers, particularly for mothers undertaking a mixed feeding mode (PIF and breast-feeding). In PIF, intrinsic and extrinsic microbial contamination, such as Cronobacter and Salmonella, remain significant identifiable causes of infant morbidity and mortality. Disease transmis...Continue Reading

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Citations

Aug 22, 2020·Brazilian Journal of Microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]·Jéssica Bomfim de AlmeidaLucas M Marques
Dec 23, 2020·Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association·Vanessa CliffordJoanne Pink
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Aug 10, 2021·Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology·Kehkashan AnsariShakila Thangaratinam

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