The severity factor as a useful tool for producing hydrochars and derived carbon materials

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
A JederV Fierro

Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to understand the effect of time and temperature during the hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) of olive stones (OS). For that purpose, the severity factor was introduced, by which the effect of the HTC conditions on the resultant products could be described. HTC was carried out at various temperatures (160, 180, 200, 220 and 240 °C) and times (3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h) for producing 25 hydrochars. The yield to hydrochar varied from 70 to 50%. Hydrochars were all submitted to thermogravimetric and elemental analysis. The liquid fractions were also recovered and analysed in order to valorise OS as completely as possible. Thus, highly added-value products such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were detected. At the highest temperature and time, the hydrochar elemental composition was similar to that of lignite coals. Hydrochars were further carbonised at 900 °C, leading to materials with surface areas as high as 1200 m2 g-1 and with narrow pore size distributions centred on 0.5 nm. The severity factor allowed finding clear tendencies in the production of hydrochars and derived carbons in terms of yield, composition, and surface area, which would have been hardly analysed if the effects of temper...Continue Reading

References

Oct 24, 2006·Bioresource Technology· SuhasM M L Ribeiro Carrott
Dec 28, 2007·Bioresource Technology·Guillermo RodríguezJuan Fernández-Bolaños
Apr 11, 2008·Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology·Bo ZhangShri Ramaswamy
Mar 11, 2010·Advanced Materials·Bo HuMaria-Magdalena Titirici
Jul 4, 2012·Journal of Environmental Quality·James A IppolitoWarren J Busscher
Jun 6, 2013·Bioresource Technology·Ivo OliveiraHans-Günter Ramke
Sep 27, 2013·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Amit BhatnagarMika Sillanpää
Nov 23, 2016·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·A M Borrero-LópezA Celzard

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