The stiff shoulder

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
Mark A Harrast, Anita G Rao

Abstract

Shoulder stiffness is a common but poorly understood disorder of the glenohumeral joint. Many terms are used to describe a stiff shoulder, including frozen shoulder and adhesive capsulitis. This article reviews the terminology, classification, diagnostic options, and management options of shoulder stiffness. Conservative measures,emphasizing a four-quadrant stretching program, typically produce effective treatment outcomes. Operative interventions, which may be required for the small percentage of patients who fail conservative therapy, are also presented.

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Citations

Jul 25, 2009·PM & R : the Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation·Sun G ChungYong-Taek Lee
Aug 28, 2010·Clinical Radiology·D G F TávoraC E P Silva
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Jul 18, 2016·Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery·Marcio SchieferFlavia Lucia Conceição

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