The super-learning hypothesis: Integrating learning processes across cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
Daniele CaligioreGianluca Baldassarre

Abstract

Despite wide evidence suggesting anatomical and functional interactions between cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia, the learning processes operating within them --often viewed as respectively unsupervised, supervised and reinforcement learning-- are studied in isolation, neglecting their strong interdependence. We discuss how those brain areas form a highly integrated system combining different learning mechanisms into an effective super-learning process supporting the acquisition of flexible motor behaviour. The term "super-learning" does not indicate a new learning paradigm. Rather, it refers to the fact that different learning mechanisms act in synergy as they: (a) affect neural structures often relying on the widespread action of neuromodulators; (b) act within various stages of cortical/subcortical pathways that are organised in pipeline to support multiple sensation-to-action mappings operating at different levels of abstraction; (c) interact through the reciprocal influence of the output compartments of different brain structures, most notably in the cerebello-cortical and basal ganglia-cortical loops. Here we articulate this new hypothesis and discuss empirical evidence supporting it by specifically referring to motor...Continue Reading

Citations

Apr 25, 2020·Journal of Clinical Medicine·Alexander SteinkeBruno Kopp
Jun 9, 2020·Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience·Jordan E Pierce, Julie Péron
Jul 4, 2020·International Journal of Neural Systems·Daniele Caligiore, Pierandrea Mirino
Jul 8, 2020·The Cerebellum·Frank Van OverwalleMaria Leggio
Aug 26, 2020·International Journal of Neural Systems·Álvaro González-RedondoJesús A Garrido
Sep 8, 2020·Clinical Anatomy : Official Journal of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists & the British Association of Clinical Anatomists·Joydeep Dutta Chaudhuri
May 28, 2019·Nature Neuroscience·Javier F Medina
Sep 24, 2020·Scientific Reports·Alexander SteinkeBruno Kopp
Jun 5, 2020·Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience·Min PuFrank Van Overwalle
Aug 17, 2020·Journal of Clinical Medicine·Alexander SteinkeBruno Kopp
Dec 9, 2020·PLoS Computational Biology·Ruggero BasanisiGianluca Baldassarre
Dec 23, 2020·Brain Sciences·Alexander Steinke, Bruno Kopp
Feb 28, 2021·Brain : a Journal of Neurology·Joachim MazerePierre Burbaud
Mar 16, 2021·Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience·Evelyn M Guilherme, Anna Carolyna L Gianlorenço
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Aug 1, 2021·Neural Networks : the Official Journal of the International Neural Network Society·Giovanni Granato, Gianluca Baldassarre
Sep 30, 2021·Cerebral Cortex·Jeremy I SkipperDaniel R Lametti

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