The synergistic potential of the azole fungicides prochloraz and propiconazole toward a short α-cypermethrin pulse increases over time in Daphnia magna

Aquatic Toxicology
Andreas KretschmannNina Cedergreen

Abstract

Pyrethroid insecticides are highly toxic to non-target aquatic invertebrates. Their high toxicity is synergized when co-occurring with azole fungicides in the aquatic environment. Little is known about the importance of synergy, when pyrethroids only occur during a short pulse of a few hours, as it is likely to happen in the environment, nor about the persistence of synergy over time. This study analyzed the synergistic potential of the fungicides propiconazole and prochloraz toward Daphnia magna, when exposed to a pulse (7.2 h) of α-cypermethrin at different concentrations (average pulse concentrations 0.07-11 nM). Immobilization was monitored during exposure and a subsequent recovery period (87.5h) with and without continuous co-exposure to the azoles (1.4 and 1.7 μM, respectively). EC50 values for immobilization decreased exponentially over time with a higher rate in the presence of the azoles. EC50 values for α-cypermethrin determined at the end of the experiment were 3.3±0.5 nM in the absence of azoles and 0.26±0.04, and 0.08±0.01 nM in the presence of propiconazole and prochloraz, respectively. The synergistic potential of the azoles was strongly dependent on time: no synergism could be detected during the pulse, but with...Continue Reading

References

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Citations

Apr 4, 2017·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Hung T VuVincent J Pettigrove
Feb 2, 2017·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Michele GottardiNina Cedergreen
Feb 20, 2018·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Althiéris S SaraivaAmadeu M V M Soares
May 29, 2021·Aquatic Toxicology·Rikke PoulsenNina Cedergreen
Sep 19, 2017·Environmental Science & Technology·Andrea RöschJuliane Hollender
Oct 5, 2019·Environmental Science & Technology·Naeem ShahidSaskia Knillmann
Sep 14, 2017·Environmental Science & Technology·Nina CedergreenAndreas C Kretschmann

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