The "T" in trauma: the helper T-cell response and the role of immunomodulation in trauma and burn patients

The Journal of Trauma
Andrew C MillerElamin M Elamin

Abstract

The immune system undergoes numerous changes after traumatic and burn injuries, including a down-regulation of the TH1 response and up-regulation of the TH2 response. The PubMed, Medline, and Ovid search engines were queried for relevant human studies. Bibliographies were also meticulously reviewed. An interesting and potentially clinically relevant pattern of immune dysregulation exists after injury. The type 1 T-helper cell (TH1) response is suppressed as illustrated by diminished interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and IL-12 levels after major injury. The enhancement of the TH2 response is marked by elevated IL-10 and IL-4. Certain cytokine profiles, ratios, and polymorphisms may help identify patients at increased risk of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, multiple organ failure (MOF), and deep venous thrombosis. The most promising prognostic indicators to date are decreased production of the IL-12, elevated IL-10, soluble IL-2 receptor-a (sIL-2Ra), and IL-18 levels, IL-18 promoter polymorphisms, the IL-6:IL-10 ratio, and the degree of TH1 suppression as measured by diminished IL-2 and IFN-gamma. The Cytokine sections are subdivided into basic science, human studies, animal studies (when necessa...Continue Reading

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