The TMS Map Scales with Increased Stimulation Intensity and Muscle Activation

Brain Topography
Mark van de Ruit, Michael J Grey

Abstract

One way to study cortical organisation, or its reorganisation, is to use transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to construct a map of corticospinal excitability. TMS maps are reported to be acquired with a wide variety of stimulation intensities and levels of muscle activation. Whilst MEPs are known to increase both with stimulation intensity and muscle activation, it remains to be established what the effect of these factors is on the map's centre of gravity (COG), area, volume and shape. Therefore, the objective of this study was to systematically examine the effect of stimulation intensity and muscle activation on these four key map outcome measures. In a first experiment, maps were acquired with a stimulation intensity of 110, 120 and 130% of resting threshold. In a second experiment, maps were acquired at rest and at 5, 10, 20 and 40% of maximum voluntary contraction. Map area and map volume increased with both stimulation intensity (P < 0.01) and muscle activation (P < 0.01). Neither the COG nor the map shape changed with either stimulation intensity or muscle activation (P > 0.09 in all cases). This result indicates the map simply scales with stimulation intensity and muscle activation.

References

Feb 1, 1992·Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology·E M WassermannL G Cohen
Sep 1, 1992·Annals of Neurology·A Maertens de NoordhoutP J Delwaide
Feb 1, 1991·Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology·B J RothL G Cohen
Mar 1, 1991·Experimental Physiology·J C RothwellC D Marsden
Jul 1, 1987·The Journal of Physiology·C W HessN M Murray
Oct 1, 1995·Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology·S A WilsonF L Mastaglia
Dec 1, 1993·Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology·L KiersJ Fang
Jan 15, 1994·The Journal of Physiology·R MazzocchioP D Thompson
Dec 1, 1995·Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology·Y UgawaI Kanazawa
Apr 1, 1997·Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology·P C MirandaE Ducla-Soares
Apr 1, 1997·Experimental Brain Research·H DevanneC Capaday
Sep 19, 1998·Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology·G W ThickbroomF L Mastaglia
Sep 19, 1998·Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology·P H EllawayN P Anissimova
Dec 16, 1998·Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology·V Di LazzaroJ C Rothwell
Jun 11, 1999·Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·M L ByrnesF L Mastaglia
May 3, 2001·Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·J C KeelE M Wassermann
Jun 29, 2002·Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·Eric M Wassermann
Mar 15, 2003·Neurological Research·Vincenzo Di LazzaroPietro A Tonali
Jun 19, 2004·Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·Axel Thielscher, Thomas Kammer
Feb 22, 2012·Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·S GroppaH R Siebner
Jan 30, 2013·Journal of Neuroscience Methods·Andrew E LittmannRichard K Shields
Oct 15, 2013·Brain Stimulation·Jonathan P MathiasMichael J Grey
Sep 30, 2014·Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·Andrea GuerraFlorinda Ferreri
Jan 4, 2015·Brain Stimulation·Mark van de RuitMichael J Grey

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Feb 3, 2016·Brain Topography·Elisa Kallioniemi, Petro Julkunen
Apr 2, 2019·Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience·Dylan J EdwardsAlvaro Pascual-Leone
Jul 25, 2018·Frontiers in Human Neuroscience·Pavel A NovikovVadim V Nikulin
Nov 27, 2019·Acta neurochirurgica·Andia MirbagheriThomas Picht
Dec 29, 2020·Pain Medicine : the Official Journal of the American Academy of Pain Medicine·Rocco CavaleriSiobhan M Schabrun
Mar 4, 2019·Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior·Chiara NicoliniAimee J Nelson
Apr 6, 2021·Physiological Reports·Adrianna GiuffreAdam Kirton
Mar 26, 2021·The European Journal of Neuroscience·Sumiaki MaeoJonathan P Folland
Aug 14, 2020·Journal of Neuroscience Methods·Jusa ReijonenPetro Julkunen
Aug 20, 2018·Journal of Neuroscience Methods·J G GrabA Kirton
Jul 1, 2021·The Journal of Physiology·Toshiki Tazoe, Monica A Perez

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Software Mentioned

BrainSight
MATLAB

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.

Related Papers

The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
A Pascual-Leone, H Pridmore
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
L KiersJ Fang
Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
Sébastien HétuCatherine Mercier
© 2021 Meta ULC. All rights reserved