The Unspecific Side of Acquired Immunity Against Infectious Disease: Causes and Consequences

Frontiers in Microbiology
Eric Muraille

Abstract

Acquired immunity against infectious disease (AIID) has long been considered as strictly dependent on the B and T lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system. Consequently, AIID has been viewed as highly specific to the antigens expressed by pathogens. However, a growing body of data motivates revision of this central paradigm of immunology. Unrelated past infection, vaccination, and chronic infection have been found to induce cross-protection against numerous pathogens. These observations can be partially explained by the poly-specificity of antigenic T and B receptors, the Mackaness effect and trained immunity. In addition, numerous studies highlight the importance of microbiota composition on resistance to infectious disease via direct competition or modulation of the immune response. All of these data support the idea that a non-negligible part of AIID in nature can be nonspecific to the pathogens encountered and even of the antigens expressed by pathogens. As this protection may be dependent on the private T and B repertoires produced by the random rearrangement of genes, past immune history, chronic infection, and microbiota composition, it is largely unpredictable at the individual level. However, we can reasonably expect ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Aug 22, 2017·Frontiers in Immunology·Arnaud MachelartEric Muraille
Jul 30, 2019·Frontiers in Immunology·Aurore DemarsEric Muraille
May 14, 2020·BMJ Global Health·Elisabeth PaulValery Ridde
Feb 12, 2019·Frontiers in Immunology·Zuobing ZhangRoy A Dalmo
Apr 16, 2021·Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics·Sanmoy PathakDipankar Nandi
Jan 25, 2019·Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme·Jean-Marie Berthelot, Daniel Wendling

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