PMID: 3761498Oct 10, 1986Paper

The use and misuse of sex chromatin screening for 'gender identification' of female athletes

JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association
A de la Chapelle

Abstract

According to the rules of sports organizations such as the International Olympic Committee, competitors registered as females must undergo a "gender verification" test that consists of screening with sex chromatin, followed by further tests in those with an abnormal or inconclusive result. The aims of the gender verification test have not been published but presumably they are to exclude from women's sports events males or other individuals whose muscle strength or body build gives them an unfair advantage over their competitors. It is shown herein that the sex chromatin screening method reveals only a small proportion of such individuals. Moreover, women with certain congenital chromosome abnormalities and other abnormal conditions without increased muscle strength are found to have "abnormal" sex chromatin. Thus, the present screening method is both inaccurate and discriminatory. It is proposed that the aims of gender identification should be defined and methods chosen that achieve the desired result.

Citations

Mar 1, 1991·British Journal of Sports Medicine·M A Ferguson-Smith, E A Ferris
Sep 27, 2005·British Journal of Sports Medicine·J C Reeser
Jun 15, 2012·The American Journal of Bioethics : AJOB·Katrina KarkazisSilvia Camporesi
Mar 17, 2001·Genetics in Medicine : Official Journal of the American College of Medical Genetics·L J ElsasA A Ehrhardt
Sep 9, 2010·Journal of Genetic Counseling·Ambroise WonkamRaj Ramesar
Oct 28, 2017·Frontiers in Endocrinology·Alan D Rogol, Lindsay Parks Pieper

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