The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation to evaluate cortical excitability of lower limb musculature: Challenges and opportunities

Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience
Trisha M KesarSteven L Wolf

Abstract

Neuroplasticity is a fundamental yet relatively unexplored process that can impact rehabilitation of lower extremity (LE) movements. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has gained widespread application as a non-invasive brain stimulation technique for evaluating neuroplasticity of the corticospinal pathway. However, a majority of TMS studies have been performed on hand muscles, with a paucity of TMS investigations focused on LE muscles. This perspective review paper proposes that there are unique methodological challenges associated with using TMS to evaluate corticospinal excitability of lower limb muscles. The challenges include: (1) the deeper location of the LE motor homunculus; (2) difficulty with targeting individual LE muscles during TMS; and (3) differences in corticospinal circuity controlling upper and lower limb muscles. We encourage future investigations that modify traditional methodological approaches to help address these challenges. Systematic TMS investigations are needed to determine the extent of overlap in corticomotor maps for different LE muscles. A simple, yet informative methodological solution involves simultaneous recordings from multiple LE muscles, which will provide the added benefit of observi...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 21, 2019·Journal of Neurophysiology·Ludovica LabrunaRichard B Ivry
Sep 24, 2019·Journal of Applied Physiology·Florian VitryMaria Papaiordanidou
Oct 1, 2019·Neural Plasticity·Trisha M KesarMichael R Borich
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Jun 9, 2020·Frontiers in Human Neuroscience·Ya-Yun LeeJer-Junn Luh
Mar 5, 2019·Frontiers in Neuroscience·Evgueni BlagovechtchenskiVadim V Nikulin
Sep 10, 2020·European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies·T DharmadasaM C Kiernan
Mar 6, 2021·Journal of Neuroscience Research·Brice T Cleland, Sangeetha Madhavan
Oct 24, 2020·Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism = Physiologie Appliquée, Nutrition Et Métabolisme·Anjali Sivaramakrishnan, Sangeetha Madhavan
Sep 28, 2021·Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair·Jacqueline A PalmerMichael R Borich

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