The zone model: A conceptual model for understanding the microenvironment of chronic wound infection.

Wound Repair and Regeneration : Official Publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society
Klaus Kirketerp-MøllerThomas Bjarnsholt

Abstract

In 2008, two articles in Wound Repair and Regeneration changed the clinical perspective on chronic wounds. They stated that chronic wounds that do not heal contain bacterial biofilms and that these biofilms may be one of the reasons for the nonhealing properties of the wounds. However, we still do not understand the exact role biofilms play in the halted healing process, and we are not able to successfully treat them. The reason for this could be that in vivo biofilms differ substantially from in vitro biofilms, and that most of the knowledge about biofilms originates from in vitro research. In this article, we introduce the zone model as a concept for understanding bacterial behavior and the impact of the microenvironment on both the host and the bacteria. Until now, identification of bacteria, gene expression, and postscript regulation have been looking at a bulk of bacteria and averaging the behavior of all the bacteria. As the zone model dictates that every single bacterium reacts to its own microenvironment, the model may facilitate the planning of future research with improved clinical relevance. The zone model integrates physiology and biology from single cells, microbial aggregates, local host response, surrounding tiss...Continue Reading

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Citations

Dec 4, 2020·Journal of Clinical Medicine·Jiri Gallo
Mar 12, 2021·Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology·Christophe Beloin, Diane McDougald
Apr 27, 2021·Frontiers in Immunology·Zoya VerseyEdana Cassol
Jun 1, 2021·Frontiers in Microbiology·Ewa Klara StuermerRalf Smeets
Jun 10, 2021·Wound Repair and Regeneration : Official Publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society·Xiaofeng ChenTrine Rolighed Thomsen
Jul 29, 2021·Journal of Applied Microbiology·Andreea-Gabriela NedeleaSarah E Maddocks
Sep 11, 2021·NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes·Evgenia MaslovaRonan R McCarthy
Dec 11, 2021·APMIS : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica·Matthew MaloneLawrence A Lavery

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
electron microscopy
biopsy

Software Mentioned

RNAseq

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