Thermodynamics of Ion Separation by Electrosorption

Environmental Science & Technology
Ali HemmatifarJuan G Santiago

Abstract

We present a simple, top-down approach for the calculation of minimum energy consumption of electrosorptive ion separation using variational form of the (Gibbs) free energy. We focus and expand on the case of electrostatic capacitive deionization (CDI). The theoretical framework is independent of details of the double-layer charge distribution and is applicable to any thermodynamically consistent model, such as the Gouy-Chapman-Stern and modified Donnan models. We demonstrate that, under certain assumptions, the minimum required electric work energy is indeed equivalent to the free energy of separation. Using the theory, we define the thermodynamic efficiency of CDI. We show that the thermodynamic efficiency of current experimental CDI systems is currently very low, around 1% for most existing systems. We applied this knowledge and constructed and operated a CDI cell to show that judicious selection of the materials, geometry, and process parameters can lead to a 9% thermodynamic efficiency and 4.6 kT per removed ion energy cost. This relatively high thermodynamic efficiency is, to our knowledge, by far the highest thermodynamic efficiency ever demonstrated for traditional CDI. We hypothesize that efficiency can be further impr...Continue Reading

References

Mar 5, 2004·Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics·J E GuyerG B McFadden
Sep 28, 2004·Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics·Martin Z BazantArmand Ajdari
Apr 12, 2006·Physical Review Letters·J DzubiellaJ A McCammon
Mar 16, 2007·Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics·Mustafa Sabri KilicArmand Ajdari
Mar 16, 2007·Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics·Mustafa Sabri KilicArmand Ajdari
Feb 16, 2008·The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B·Jianwei CheJ Andrew McCammon
Jan 27, 2009·Journal of Colloid and Interface Science·P M Biesheuvel
Nov 3, 2009·Advances in Colloid and Interface Science·Martin Z BazantArmand Ajdari
Apr 7, 2010·Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics·M van SoestbergenM Z Bazant
Apr 7, 2010·Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics·P M Biesheuvel, M Z Bazant
Mar 17, 2011·Physical Review Letters·Martin Z BazantAlexei A Kornyshev
Jul 30, 2011·Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics·P M BiesheuvelMartin Z Bazant
Dec 12, 2012·Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics·Brian D Storey, Martin Z Bazant
Mar 13, 2013·Environmental Science & Technology·Piotr Długołęcki, Albert van der Wal
Mar 26, 2013·Accounts of Chemical Research·Martin Z Bazant
Sep 13, 2014·Physical Review Letters·Mohammad MirzadehTodd M Squires
Apr 30, 2015·Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal·Andreas HärtelRené van Roij
Jul 28, 2015·Environmental Science & Technology·Yatian QuMichael Stadermann
Oct 30, 2015·Water Research·J E DykstraA van der Wal
Aug 28, 2016·Water Research·Ali HemmatifarJuan G Santiago
Nov 3, 2017·Journal of Colloid and Interface Science·Li WangShihong Lin
Nov 22, 2017·Water Research·Steven A HawksMichael Stadermann
Dec 9, 2017·The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters·Nir GavishArik Yochelis
Jan 3, 2018·The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B·Yatian QuJuan G Santiago
May 8, 2018·Water Research·Ashwin RamachandranJuan G Santiago

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Sep 19, 2019·Water Environment Research : a Research Publication of the Water Environment Federation·Weihang OuyangJinkai Xue
Mar 15, 2020·Physical Review. E·Aymar C L de LichterveldeMartin Z Bazant
Feb 13, 2020·Environmental Science & Technology·Vineeth PothanamkandathilChristopher A Gorski
Jan 22, 2019·Water Research·Steven A HawksMichael Stadermann
Dec 9, 2020·Environmental Science & Technology·Minlin MaoDengsong Zhang
Jun 28, 2019·Environmental Science & Technology·Steven A HawksPatrick G Campbell
Feb 26, 2019·Environmental Science & Technology·Li WangShihong Lin
Dec 10, 2019·Environmental Science & Technology·Shihong Lin
Oct 2, 2021·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Amit N ShocronJouke E Dykstra

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.