Three-dimensional analysis of the fast-start escape response of the least killifish, Heterandria formosa

The Journal of Experimental Biology
Mike FleurenCees J Voesenek

Abstract

Fish make C-starts to evade predator strikes. Double-bend (DB) C-starts consist of three stages: Stage 1, in which the fish rapidly bends into a C-shape; Stage 2, in which the fish bends in the opposite direction; and a variable Stage 3. In single-bend (SB) C-starts, the fish immediately straightens after Stage 1. Despite fish moving in three-dimensional (3D) space, fast-start responses of adult fish have mainly been studied in a horizontal plane. Using automated 3D tracking of multi-camera high-speed video sequences, we show that both SB and DB fast-starts by adult female least killifish (Heterandria formosa) often contain a significant vertical velocity component, and large changes in pitch (DB up to 43 deg) and roll (DB up to 77 deg) angles. Upwards and downwards elevation changes are correlated with changes in pitch angle of the head; movement in the horizontal plane is correlated with changes in yaw angle of the head. With respect to the stimulus, escape heading correlates with the elevation of the fish at the onset of motion. Irrespective of the initial orientation, fish can escape in any horizontal direction. In many cases, the centre of mass barely accelerates during Stage 1. However, it does accelerate in the final dir...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jul 23, 2020·Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part A, Ecological and Integrative Physiology·Stephen P Howe, Henry C Astley
Aug 12, 2020·Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution·Alexandra PazAlex C Keene
Sep 20, 2019·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Paolo Domenici, Melina E Hale
Jul 19, 2019·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Cees J VoesenekJohan L van Leeuwen
Oct 28, 2021·Bioinspiration & Biomimetics·Stephen HoweHenry Astley

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