Three-dimensional shape variation and sexual dimorphism of the face, nose, and mouth of Japanese individuals

Forensic Science International : Synergy
Kazuhiko ImaizumiMakiko Kouchi

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) shape variations of the face and facial parts in Japanese adults were examined to collect basic data to be used for facial comparison in forensics. In total, 1000 3D facial scans (500 males, 500 females) of Japanese individuals were re-meshed into anatomically homologous shape models and analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) after Procrustes superimposition. Facial parts (the nose and the mouth) were segmented from homologous face models and analyzed by PCA, too. Among all kinds of objects (the face, the nose, and the mouth), the most predominant shape variation represented by the first principal component (PC1) was the height-width proportion. The second largest variation (PC2) in the face and the nose was depth; for the mouth, it was the relative protrusion of the upper and lower lips. We interpreted predominant shape variations represented by the first five principal components (PCs) in each object. Asymmetric shape variations were observed within these PCs for the nose and the mouth. Sexual dimorphism of the face and the facial parts was also examined by testing the significance of sex-linked differences in PC scores. A significant difference was found between males and females for many PCs. ...Continue Reading

Citations

Nov 11, 2019·Journal of Oral Rehabilitation·Shifra LevartovskyRachel Sarig
Apr 7, 2021·European Journal of Orthodontics·Georgios KanavakisPertti Pirttiniemi
Sep 4, 2021·Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine·Enrique BermejoKazuhiko Imaizumi

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