Thyroid and pregnancy

Der Internist
K A Iwen, H Lehnert

Abstract

During pregnancy thyroid hormones have profound effects on embryonal/fetal development and maternal health. Therefore, thyroid gland disorders should be immediately diagnosed and adequately treated. Pregnancy-specific physiological alterations during pregnancy cause changes in the reference interval for thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and trimester-specific thresholds must be taken into account. This article summarizes the most important diagnostic and therapeutic aspects before, during and after pregnancy. With reference to the period prior to pregnancy, the article discusses iodide supplementation, preconceptional examination of thyroid gland metabolism and the importance of thyroid gland functional disorders for fertility and fulfilling the desire to have children. With a view to the period during pregnancy, the effect of hypothyroxinemia, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism as well as the effects of their treatment on the development of the child are explained. Finally, a description is given of what must be paid attention to in the breast-feeding period and in postpartum thyroiditis.

References

Jun 9, 2001·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·S J Mandel, D S Cooper
Jul 27, 2011·Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association·Alex Stagnaro-GreenUNKNOWN American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Oct 24, 2013·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Stine Linding AndersenPeter Laurberg
Mar 14, 2014·The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology·David S Cooper, Peter Laurberg
Apr 2, 2015·Clinical Chemistry·Marco MediciRobin P Peeters
Sep 24, 2015·European Journal of Endocrinology·Eleonore Fröhlich, Richard Wahl
Jan 7, 2017·Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association·Erik K AlexanderScott Sullivan
Jan 27, 2017·BMJ : British Medical Journal·Spyridoula MarakaVictor M Montori
Mar 2, 2017·The New England Journal of Medicine·Brian M CaseyUNKNOWN Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal–Fetal Medicine Units Network
Aug 5, 2017·Nature Reviews. Endocrinology·Tim I M KorevaarRobin P Peeters
Dec 17, 2017·The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology·Simone De Leo, Elizabeth N Pearce
Jan 4, 2018·The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research·Masako KurodaShokichi Teramoto

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