Thyroid hormone and the developing hypothalamus

Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
Anneke Alkemade

Abstract

Thyroid hormone (TH) plays an essential role in normal brain development and function. Both TH excess and insufficiency during development lead to structural brain abnormalities. Proper TH signaling is dependent on active transport of the prohormone thyroxine (T4) across the blood-brain-barrier and into brain cells. In the brain T4 undergoes local deiodination into the more active 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), which binds to nuclear TH receptors (TRs). TRs are already expressed during the first trimester of pregnancy, even before the fetal thyroid becomes functional. Throughout pregnancy, the fetus is largely dependent on the maternal TH supply. Recent studies in mice have shown that normal hypothalamic development requires intact TH signaling. In addition, the development of the human lateral hypothalamic zone coincides with a strong increase in T3 and TR mRNA concentrations in the brain. During this time the fetal hypothalamus already shows evidence for TH signaling. Expression of components crucial for central TH signaling show a specific developmental timing in the human hypothalamus. A coordinated expression of deiodinases in combination with TH transporters suggests that TH concentrations are regulated to prevent untimely...Continue Reading

References

Sep 1, 1989·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·D J BradleyC Weinberger
Dec 18, 1986·Nature·C WeinbergerR M Evans
Oct 1, 1988·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·B FerreiroC L Branchard
Jan 1, 1996·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·J M DubuisG Van Vliet
Sep 18, 1997·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·A Guadaño-FerrazJ Bernal
Jan 27, 1999·Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications·E C FriesemaT J Visser
Jun 19, 2001·American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism·R PeetersP R Larsen
Apr 16, 2002·The Journal of Comparative Neurology·Yuri KoutcherovGeorge Paxinos
Feb 15, 2003·Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology·Sandra König, Vivaldo Moura Neto
Jul 23, 2003·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Edith C H FriesemaTheo J Visser
Jul 9, 2004·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Monique H A KesterGabriella Morreale de Escobar
Nov 25, 2004·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Anneke AlkemadeEric Fliers
Apr 21, 2005·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Anneke AlkemadeEric Fliers
Oct 18, 2005·Nature Genetics·Alexandra M DumitrescuSamuel Refetoff
Jan 18, 2006·The Journal of Clinical Investigation·Arturo HernandezDonald St Germain
May 19, 2006·Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology·Eric FliersAnneke Alkemade
Jan 2, 2007·American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology·Tsuyoshi WatanabeTakashi Yoshimura
Feb 23, 2007·Nature Clinical Practice. Endocrinology & Metabolism·Juan Bernal
Feb 24, 2007·The Journal of Clinical Investigation·Marija TrajkovicHeike Heuer
Aug 9, 2007·Endocrine Development·Johnny DeladoëyGuy Van Vliet
Aug 9, 2007·Endocrine Development·M J ObregonG Morreale de Escobar
Mar 11, 2008·Public Health Nutrition·Gabriella Morreale de EscobarFrancisco Escobar del Rey
Feb 22, 2008·The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience·Karin WallisBjörn Vennström
Feb 23, 2008·Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism : TEM·W Edward VisserTheo J Visser
Apr 18, 2008·The Cerebellum·Takehiro Suzuki, Takaaki Abe
Jan 31, 2009·Endocrinology·Heike Heuer, Theo J Visser
Jul 31, 2009·The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience·Eva K WirthUlrich Schweizer
Jan 7, 2010·Endocrine Reviews·Sheue-Yann ChengPaul J Davis
Apr 22, 2011·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Anneke AlkemadeEric Fliers
Oct 20, 2011·Nature Reviews. Endocrinology·Annette Grüters, Heiko Krude
Dec 16, 2011·The New England Journal of Medicine·Elena BochukovaKrishna Chatterjee
Jun 23, 2012·European Journal of Endocrinology·Edith C H FriesemaAnneke Alkemade
Jul 5, 2012·Endocrinology·Ricardo H Costa-e-Sousa, Anthony N Hollenberg
Sep 19, 2012·Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta·Alexandra M Dumitrescu, Samuel Refetoff
Nov 21, 2012·Clinics in Perinatology·Noah H HillmanAlan H Jobe
Dec 22, 2012·The Journal of Clinical Investigation·Jens MittagBjörn Vennström
Jan 24, 2013·Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care·Amanda N Sferruzzi-PerriAbigail L Fowden

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Oct 16, 2016·Autism Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research·Kristen LyallGayle C Windham
Sep 30, 2015·The Journal of Endocrinology·Nadia SchoenmakersMehul T Dattani
Aug 16, 2016·Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders·Patricia Joseph-BravoJean-Louis Charli
Sep 10, 2016·Frontiers in Neural Circuits·Antonietta MessinaGiovanni Messina
Aug 21, 2021·Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice·Salvador Marí-BausetMaría Morales Suárez-Varela

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Methods Mentioned

BETA
transgenic

Related Concepts

Related Feeds

Blood-Brain Barrier Transport in Neurodegeneration

The blood brain barrier is important for regulating the movement of biomolecules in and out of the brain. For example, membrane transporters in the blood brain barrier can be essential for regulating drug movement and dysregulation of these processes may play a role in neurodegeneration. This feed follows the latest research on this topic.

Blood Brain Barrier Chips

The blood brain barrier (BBB) is comprised of endothelial cells that regulate the influx and outflux of plasma concentrations. Lab-on-a-chip devices allow scientists to model diseases and mechanisms such as the passage of therapeutic antibodies across the BBB. Discover the latest research on BBB chips here.

Blood Brain Barrier

The blood brain barrier is a border that separates blood from cerebrospinal fluid. Discover the latest search on this highly selective semipermeable membrane here.

Related Papers

The Journal of Endocrinology
Jatin PatelKerry Richard
Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
Ronald M Lechan, Csaba Fekete
© 2022 Meta ULC. All rights reserved