PMID: 29996756Jul 13, 2018Paper

Thyroid nodules: diagnosis and management

The Medical Journal of Australia
Rosemary WongMathis Grossmann

Abstract

Thyroid nodules are common. Their importance lies in the need to assess thyroid function, degree of and future risk of mass effect, and exclude thyroid cancer, which occurs in 7-15% of thyroid nodules. There are four key components to thyroid nodule assessment: clinical history and examination, serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) measurement, ultrasound and, if indicated, fine-needle aspiration (FNA). If the serum TSH is suppressed, a thyroid scan with 99Tc can distinguish between a solitary hot nodule, a toxic multinodular goitre or, less commonly, thyroiditis or Graves' disease within a coexisting nodular thyroid. Scintigraphically cold nodules are evaluated in the same way as in the setting of normal or elevated serum TSH levels. Thyroid ultrasonography should be performed only for palpable goitre and thyroid nodules and by specialists with expertise in thyroid sonography. Routine thyroid cancer screening is not recommended, except in high risk individuals, as the detection of early thyroid cancer has not been shown to improve survival. FNA may be performed for nodules ≥ 1.0 cm depending on clinical and sonographic risk factors for thyroid cancer. FNA specimens should be read by an experienced cytopathologist and be repo...Continue Reading

References

Nov 1, 1994·Archives of Otolaryngology--head & Neck Surgery·F S HerzonT Parnell
Feb 25, 1993·The New England Journal of Medicine·E L Mazzaferri
Mar 27, 1997·The New England Journal of Medicine·R E CurtisJ D Boice
Sep 1, 1997·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·M Moosa, E L Mazzaferri
Dec 19, 2001·Lancet·Y ShibataS Nagataki
Dec 18, 2003·Clinical Endocrinology·Duncan Topliss
Jul 27, 2006·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·K BoelaertJ A Franklyn
May 15, 2007·Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc·Jenny K HoangStephen Farrell
Oct 4, 2007·Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association·Yolanda C OertelKai Yu
Jun 23, 2009·AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology·John A BonavitaJoseph Yee
Oct 23, 2009·American Journal of Clinical Pathology·Edmund S CibasUNKNOWN NCI Thyroid FNA State of the Science Conference
Mar 23, 2011·Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association·UNKNOWN American Thyroid Association Taskforce On Radioiodine SafetyCarol Greenlee
Mar 27, 2012·The Medical Clinics of North America·Mary H Samuels
Jun 27, 2012·The New England Journal of Medicine·Erik K AlexanderBryan R Haugen
Jul 26, 2012·Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association·Kerstin Kathrine SoelbergLaszlo Hegedüs
Aug 1, 2012·Acta Cytologica·Massimo BongiovanniZubair W Baloch
Jan 1, 2013·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Sophia C KamranErik K Alexander
Aug 28, 2013·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Marina N NikiforovaYuri E Nikiforov
Oct 2, 2013·World Journal of Surgery·Laura I WharryLinwah Yip
Nov 28, 2013·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Juan P BritoVictor M Montori
Feb 25, 2014·Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association·Michael MondChristopher Gilfillan
Jul 31, 2014·Annals of Surgical Oncology·Wesley H GilesNancy L Cho
Mar 4, 2015·JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association·Cosimo DuranteSebastiano Filetti
Mar 10, 2015·Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association·Luciana Reck RemontiJorge Luiz Gross
Mar 27, 2015·Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association·Samuel A WellsUNKNOWN American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
May 13, 2015·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Emmanuel LabourierSylvie Beaudenon-Huibregtse
Sep 24, 2015·Journal of Endocrinological Investigation·M Knobel
Dec 10, 2015·The New England Journal of Medicine·Kenneth D Burman, Leonard Wartofsky
Mar 29, 2016·Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists·Paritosh SumanDavid J Winchester
May 12, 2016·Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists·Hossein GharibUNKNOWN AACE/ACE/AME Task Force on Thyroid Nodules
Jul 16, 2016·Nature Reviews. Endocrinology·Cari M Kitahara, Julie A Sosa
Aug 12, 2016·The Medical Journal of Australia·John P Walsh
Aug 25, 2016·Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine·Ming Zhang, Oscar Lin
Mar 28, 2017·European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology·Y ItoH Oda
Apr 1, 2017·JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association·Hyeyeun LimCari M Kitahara
Apr 5, 2017·Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR·Franklin N TesslerA Thomas Stavros
May 12, 2017·JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association·UNKNOWN US Preventive Services Task ForceChien-Wen Tseng
Jul 14, 2017·Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology·Shrikant Tamhane, Hossein Gharib
Oct 19, 2017·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Trevor E AngellErik K Alexander
Nov 6, 2017·The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology·Giorgio GraniDavid S Cooper

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Nov 17, 2020·Frontiers in Oncology·Xiao-Wan BoKun Zhang
Sep 19, 2020·Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing·Mary K Donnelly
Oct 30, 2020·European Endocrinology·Van Trung Hoang, Cong Thao Trinh
Jan 21, 2021·Cancer Management and Research·Menghui LiJuntian Liu
Oct 4, 2020·Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine·Giuliano MarianiH William Strauss
Mar 24, 2021·Internal and Emergency Medicine·Sibel Demiral Sezer, Elçin Erdoğan Yücel
Jun 15, 2021·Frontiers in Endocrinology·Yunhai LiGuosheng Ren
Jun 26, 2021·International Journal of Clinical Practice·Emrah Karatay, Mirkhalig Javadov

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Related Feeds

Cancer Imaging

Imaging techniques, including CT and MR, have become essential to tumor detection, diagnosis, and monitoring. Here is the latest research on cancer imaging.