Tick-borne encephalitis virus, ticks and humans: short-term and long-term dynamics

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
S E Randolph

Abstract

Much public health concern and scientific interest has been kindled by significant increases in incidence of tick-borne encephalitis over the past 1-2 decades. It is the most important vector-borne disease of humans in Europe, for which excellent long-term data allow robust quantitative analyses. Despite the increasing tendency to attribute all increases in vector-borne diseases to climate change, there is no convincing evidence that the appearance of new foci in Sweden, Switzerland, France and Germany during this century, or the upsurge in cases within well recognized endemic regions, is due to the recorded minor extensions of infectious ticks into higher altitudes and latitudes and into winter periods, in response to warmer conditions. Rather, there is now good evidence of greater human exposure to infected ticks through altered socioeconomic circumstances (in addition to higher densities of tick-feeding deer--not reviewed here), so far best quantified for Central and Eastern Europe. Increased awareness of tick-borne encephalitis and understanding of the changing risk factors, including the role of human behaviour, will ensure better personal protection against infection, including vaccination and avoidance of high-risk activ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jul 3, 2009·Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases·Gerold Stanek, Franc Strle
Oct 29, 2010·International Journal of Health Geographics·Eric F LambinValérie Soti
May 3, 2011·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Benjamin J BriggsJohn Hay
May 23, 2012·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Ana BalseiroJuan F García Marín
Jan 7, 2010·Global Health Action·Birgitta Evengård, Rainer Sauerborn
Aug 12, 2014·Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases·Aleksandra DrelichTomasz J Wąsik
Dec 9, 2009·Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy·Maja Arnez, Tatjana Avsic-Zupanc
Dec 23, 2015·Experimental & Applied Acarology·S O VanwambekeS Jore
Dec 15, 2010·Vaccine·Pawel StefanoffUNKNOWN VENICE project gatekeepers, contact persons group
May 4, 2013·Scientific Reports·Serge MorandMatthew Baylis
Apr 5, 2018·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Pawel StefanoffMagdalena Rosinska
Aug 2, 2020·Transboundary and Emerging Diseases·Alberto Moraga-FernándezIsabel G Fernández de Mera
Jul 22, 2017·Virology Journal·Darja DuhElena Buzan

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