Time for Radical Changes in Brain Stem Nomenclature-Applying the Lessons From Developmental Gene Patterns

Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
Charles WatsonLuis Puelles

Abstract

The traditional subdivision of the brain stem into midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata is based purely on the external appearance of the human brain stem. There is an urgent need to update the names of brain stem structures to be consistent with the discovery of rhomobomeric segmentation based on gene expression. The most important mistakes are the belief that the pons occupies the upper half of the hindbrain, the failure to recognize the isthmus as the first segment of the hindbrain, and the mistaken inclusion of diencephalic structures in the midbrain. The new nomenclature will apply to all mammals. This essay recommends a new brain stem nomenclature based on developmental gene expression, progeny analysis, and fate mapping. In addition, we have made comment on the names given to a number of internal brain stem structures and have offered alternatives where necessary.

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Citations

Jun 4, 2019·The Journal of Comparative Neurology·Aminu ImamPaul R Manger
Nov 22, 2020·The Journal of Comparative Neurology·Herminio M GuajardoKathryn G Commons
Dec 8, 2020·Interventional Neuroradiology : Journal of Peritherapeutic Neuroradiology, Surgical Procedures and Related Neurosciences·Masaki Komiyama
Nov 28, 2021·The Anatomical Record : Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology·Victoria M WilliamsPaul R Manger
Dec 23, 2021·Interventional Neuroradiology : Journal of Peritherapeutic Neuroradiology, Surgical Procedures and Related Neurosciences·Takahiro Ota, Masaki Komiyama

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