Timing of introduction of gluten and celiac disease risk

Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism
J F Ludvigsson, Alessio Fasano

Abstract

Breast milk is the natural nutrition for infants, but in the second half of the first year of life, complementary feeding is needed. Many complementary foods contain gluten, but gluten exposure is associated with the risk of developing celiac disease (CD). CD is a disease with considerable morbidity and mortality. Although CD is associated with certain genetic features, carrying the human leukocyte antigen haplotypes DQ2 or DQ8 (a prerequisite for CD development) cannot fully explain who will or who will not develop CD. Potential risk factors for CD include perinatal events and infant feeding practice. With the exception that children who are breastfed at and beyond gluten introduction into the diet probably may be at a lower risk of developing CD, and that heavy gluten load early in life may increase the risk of future CD, data on the impact of infant feeding are inconsistent.

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Citations

Jan 1, 2013·Journal of Nutritional Science·Camilla HoppeSteffen Husby
Sep 27, 2014·Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer·Kalle LanderholmJohannes Järhult
Jan 31, 2013·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·Natalie Nokoff, Marian Rewers
May 12, 2015·Journal of Digestive Diseases·Hanish SharmaGovind K Makharia
Apr 30, 2015·United European Gastroenterology Journal·Jonas F LudvigssonCarolina Ciacci
Sep 23, 2014·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition·Michelle A E JansenHenriette A Moll
Sep 1, 2019·Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety·Fred BrounsDaisy Jonkers

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