Titanium, chromium and cobalt ions modulate the release of bone-associated cytokines by human monocytes/macrophages in vitro

Biomaterials
J Y WangD T Tsukayama

Abstract

Osteolysis has become a major cause of aseptic loosening in total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Titanium, cobalt and chromium are commonly used in orthopaedic implants (e.g. joint prostheses). The release of bone-associated cytokines has been associated with the development of osteolysis in patients with prostheses. We evaluated the effects of these metals on the release of bone-associated cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta 1) by human blood monocytes/macrophages and monocyte-like U937 cells upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, the cell proliferation, and their cytotoxic effects on these cells in vitro. We found that the release of IL-1 beta was enhanced by titanium, chromium and cobalt, the release of TNF-alpha was enhanced by titanium and chromium, and the release of IL-6 was enhanced by titanium. All three metal ions inhibited the release of TGF-beta 1. We also found that titanium and chromium, but not cobalt, enhanced blood monocyte/macrophage proliferation in response to LPS while only titanium enhanced U937 cell proliferation in response to LPS. The metals in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 ngml-1 did not stimulate the cells to secrete detectable cytokines in the absence of LPS. Furthermore, a 4-...Continue Reading

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