Toads phenotypically adjust their chemical defences to anthropogenic habitat change

Scientific Reports
Veronika BókonyÁgnes M Móricz

Abstract

Despite the well-documented effects of human-induced environmental changes on the morphology, physiology, behaviour and life history of wild animals, next to nothing is known about how anthropogenic habitats influence anti-predatory chemical defence, a crucial fitness component of many species. We investigated the amount and composition of defensive toxins in adult common toads (Bufo bufo) captured in natural, agricultural and urban habitats, and in their offspring raised in a common-garden experiment. We found that, compared to toads captured from natural habitats, adults from both types of anthropogenic habitats had larger toxin glands (parotoids) and their toxin secretion contained higher concentrations of bufagenins, the more potent class of bufadienolide toxins. Furthermore, urban toads had lower concentrations of bufotoxins, the compounds with lower toxicity. None of these differences were present in the captive-raised juveniles; instead, toadlets originating from agricultural habitats had smaller parotoids and lower bufotoxin concentrations. These results suggest that toads' chemical defences respond to the challenges of anthropogenic environments via phenotypic plasticity. These responses may constitute non-adaptive con...Continue Reading

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Citations

May 16, 2019·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Ryann A BlennerhassettGregory P Brown
Aug 14, 2019·The Journal of Animal Ecology·Attila HettyeyVeronika Bókony
Feb 6, 2020·Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine·Renato PejicJosip Simic
Sep 24, 2020·Integrative Zoology·Gilles DE MeesterRaoul VAN Damme
Dec 22, 2020·Trends in Ecology & Evolution·Max R LambertSarah E Diamond
Mar 27, 2020·Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology·Eloana Benassi Ribeiro de SouzaAdilson Paulo Sinhorin

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