Topical hypopigmenting agents for pigmentary disorders and their mechanisms of action.

Annals of Dermatology
Hyojin KimKyoung-Chan Park

Abstract

Melanin is produced in melanocytes and stored in melanosomes. In spite of its beneficial sun-protective effect, abnormal accumulation of melanin results in esthetic problems. Hydroquinone, competing with tyrosine, is a major ingredient in topical pharmacological agents. However, frequent adverse reactions are amongst its major limitation. To solve this problem, several alternatives such as arbutin, kojic acid, aloesin, and 4-n-butyl resorcinol have been developed. Herein, we classify hypopigmenting agents according to their mechanism of action; a) regulation of enzyme, which is subdivided into three categories, i) regulation of transcription and maturation of tyrosinase, ii) inhibition of tyrosinase activity, and iii) post-transcriptional control of tyrosinase; b) inhibition of melanosome transfer, and c) additional mechanisms such as regulation of the melanocyte environment and antioxidant agents.

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Citations

Dec 19, 2013·Archives of Pharmacal Research·Soo-Jin ChooIck-Dong Yoo
Dec 12, 2012·Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV·L KolbeF Stäb
Jun 20, 2013·Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : ECAM·Hwayong ParkJin Yeul Ma
Oct 11, 2016·Journal of Ethnopharmacology·Mayuree KanlayavattanakulPuxvadee Chaikul
Mar 3, 2018·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Tobias MannLudger Kolbe
Mar 14, 2019·Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology·Ahmad Firdaus B Lajis, Arbakariya B Ariff
Jul 18, 2017·International Journal of Molecular Medicine·Seung Hwan YangGyuhwa Chung
Jul 26, 2018·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Raffaella MicilloConchi Olivares
Aug 7, 2020·Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology·Vasanop VachiramonKumutnart Chanprapaph
Mar 1, 2019·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Jung-Im NaKyung-Chan Park
Jul 3, 2021·Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry·Irene Dini, Sonia Laneri
Oct 30, 2014·Chemical Research in Toxicology·Timothy E H AllenPaul J Russell

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
glycosylation
ubiquitination

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